Please wait a minute...
浙江大学学报(理学版)  2022, Vol. 49 Issue (2): 229-238    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2022.02.012
地球科学     
陕西黄土高原中南部地区清代洪涝灾害与气候变化特征
刘乐1(),岳大鹏1(),赵景波1,2,赵艳1
1.陕西师范大学 地理科学与旅游学院,陕西 西安 710119
2.中国科学院地球环境研究所 黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710061
Study on flood disasters and climate changes in Qing dynasty in the middle south of Loess Plateau in Shaanxi
Le LIU1(),Dapeng YUE1(),Jingbo ZHAO1,2,Yan ZHAO1
1.School of Geography and Tourism,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an 710119,China
2.State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology,Institute of Earth Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xi'an 710061,China
 全文: PDF(9356 KB)   HTML( 15 )
摘要:

采用灾害等级法、多项式拟合、距平分析、小波分析、交叉小波变换等方法,对陕西黄土高原中南部地区清代洪涝灾害的时空分布、气候特征及其致灾因子进行探究,结果表明:从时间分布看,洪涝灾害可划分为5个阶段,1644—1690,1801—1840及1881—1912年为洪涝灾害高频期,1691—1800和1841—1880年为洪涝灾害低频期,研究区清代洪涝灾害发生频次总体呈波动增加趋势,灾害等级以中度洪涝和大洪涝为主,洪涝灾害发生存在3,8,17以及61 a左右的准周期;从空间分布看,洪涝灾害发生频次较高的县市主要分布在研究区的东北部、中部和西南部,清涧河流域中下游与延河流域中下游地区的县市洪涝灾害发生频次最高;研究区大洪涝及特大洪涝在气候转型期发生频次相对较高,在气候偏湿条件下,降水量明显增加也会增加大洪涝及特大洪涝的发生频次;交叉小波变化显示,洪涝灾害等级序列在2~5,9~12及56~70 a周期尺度上与厄尔尼诺事件序列存在显著相关性,在8~14 a周期尺度上与太阳黑子数序列相关性明显。3个洪涝灾害高频期受夏季风的影响,1881—1912年研究区洪灾频次显著增加与该阶段夏季风活动加强有关,使得研究区降水量较大。

关键词: 洪涝灾害洪涝周期洪涝灾害成因时空变化清代陕西黄土高原    
Abstract:

Using methods such as disaster grading method, polynomial fitting, anomaly analysis, wavelet analysis to analyze the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution, climatic characteristics and causing factors of flood disasters in Qing dynasty in the middle south of Loess Plateau in Shaanxi. Results show that: From the point view of temporal distribution of flood disasters, it can be divided into five stages, the time periods of 1644-1690, 1801-1840 and 1881-1912 belong to high frequency stages of flood disasters, the time periods of 1691-1800 and 1841-1880 are low-frequency stages of flood disasters. Overall, the frequency of flood disasters in the concerned area shows an increasing trend of fluctuation in Qing dynasty; the disaster grade in this area is mainly the moderate and great floods and the periods are about 3, 8, 17 and 61 a. From the point view of the spatial distribution, the counties with high frequency of floods are mainly distributed in the northeast, middle and southwest of the concerned area, and the frequency of floods occured in the counties in the middle and lower reaches of Qingjian River Basin and Yanhe River Basin is the highest. The occurrence probability of great floods and catastrophic floods in this area is relatively high during the climate transition period. In addition, the increase of precipitation under the condition of humid climate will also increase the probability of occurrence of great floods and catastrophic floods in this area. Cross-spectrum analysis shows that the flood disaster grade sequence in this area has significant correlation with El Nino events at scales of 2-5, 9-12 and 56-70 a; and it has strong correlation with solar activity at a scale of 8-14 a. The three high-frequency periods of flood disasters above are affected by summer monsoon. From 1880 to 1912, the increase of flood disaster frequency is related to the strengthening of summer monsoon activity, which bring more precipitation to this area.

Key words: flood disasters    flood periodicity    flood disasters causes    temporal and spatial variation    Qing dynasty    the Loess Plateau in Shaanxi
收稿日期: 2021-01-25 出版日期: 2022-03-22
CLC:  P 331  
基金资助: 国家自然科学基金重点项目(41930641);黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室项目(SKLLQG2013)
通讯作者: 岳大鹏     E-mail: lle0528@snnu.edu.cn;yuedp@snnu.edu.cn
作者简介: 刘乐(1994—),ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-3617,女,硕士研究生,主要从事水土资源评价与规划研究,E-mail:lle0528@snnu.edu.cn.
服务  
把本文推荐给朋友
加入引用管理器
E-mail Alert
RSS
作者相关文章  
刘乐
岳大鹏
赵景波
赵艳

引用本文:

刘乐,岳大鹏,赵景波,赵艳. 陕西黄土高原中南部地区清代洪涝灾害与气候变化特征[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(2): 229-238.

Le LIU,Dapeng YUE,Jingbo ZHAO,Yan ZHAO. Study on flood disasters and climate changes in Qing dynasty in the middle south of Loess Plateau in Shaanxi. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 2022, 49(2): 229-238.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/sci/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2022.02.012        https://www.zjujournals.com/sci/CN/Y2022/V49/I2/229

洪涝等级灾情等级表示
轻度洪涝受灾范围小,主要在局部地区发生,降水持续时间不长,没有出现对人们生产、生活产生较大影响的记载。如公元1659年洛川县,“六月初四日,大雨霖。”1
中度洪涝局部地区受灾,降水持续时间较长,对人们生产、生活造成一定影响,如农田被淹没、庄稼受损、建筑损坏等,或因水灾额赋相应被减免的相关记载。如公元1701年延川县,“六月初四日,大水入城,冲漂北门。”公元1752年白水县,“秋九月,雨水伤禾。奉恩旨赈恤。”2
大 洪 涝受灾范围较大,连续降水时间较长,一般为20~40 d,对人们生产、生活造成严重影响,如城垣倒塌,民居被淹没,或出现人畜伤亡的现象。如公元1821年富县,“秋七月,鄜州洛河暴涨,水没城墙而过,淹没官署民居。”3
特大洪涝受灾范围几乎波及整个研究区域,降水持续时间更长,一般在50 d以上,强度更大,对人们生命和财产造成严重危害。如公元1662年淳化县,“六月,大雨至七月,凡六十日,全省皆然,泾渭涨溢,绝渡十日,淹没甚众。”4
表1  陕西黄土高原中南部地区清代洪涝灾害等级划分标准
图1  研究区清代洪涝灾害每10年频次及距平值变化
图2  研究区清代洪涝灾害等级序列
图3  Morlet小波系数实部等值线
图4  研究区清代洪涝灾害发生频次空间分布底图来源于国家基础地理信息数据库(http://www.ngcc.cn/),审图号为GS(2016)22556号,底图无修改。
时段

持续

时间/a

气候 冷暖 阶段气候干湿情况洪涝 灾害 总频次大洪涝及 特大洪涝 发生频次
1644—168037冷期偏湿126
1681—170020冷期偏干61
1701—172020暖期偏干10
1721—176040暖期偏湿113
1761—180040暖期偏干51
1801—182020冷期偏湿102
1821—184020冷期偏湿73
1841—190060冷期偏湿225
1901—191212暖期偏湿103
表2  陕西黄土高原中南部地区清代气候特征与洪涝灾害发生频次对照[5, 15, 24-27]
图5  洪涝灾害等级序列与厄尔尼诺事件序列和太阳黑子数序列的交叉小波变换(XWT)
图6  洪涝灾害低、高频期与万象洞WX42B的δ18O 记录(根据文献[34]改会)对比1为低频期,2为高频期。
1 任婧宇, 彭守璋, 曹扬,等. 1901—2014年黄土高原区域气候变化时空分布特征[J]. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(4): 621-633. DOI:10.11849/zrzyxb. 20170186
REN J Y, PENG S Z, CAO Y, et al. Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of climate change in the Loess Plateau from 1901 to 2014[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(4): 621-633. DOI:10.11849/zrzyxb.20170186
doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.20170186
2 李双双, 孔锋, 韩鹭, 等. 陕北黄土高原区极端降水时空变化特征及其影响因素[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(1): 140-151. DOI:10.11821/dlyj020181067
LI S S, KONG F, HAN L, et al. Spatiotemporal variability of extreme precipitation and influencing factors on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi province[J]. Geographical Research, 2020, 39(1): 140-151. DOI:10.11821/dlyj020181067
doi: 10.11821/dlyj020181067
3 陕西省地方志编纂委员会. 陕西省志 第五卷 黄土高原志[M]. 西安: 陕西人民出版社, 1995. doi:10.15385/yb.miracle.1995
Shaanxi Local Chronicles Compile Committee. The Loessial Plateau of Shaanxi Province[M]. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1995. doi:10.15385/yb.miracle.1995
doi: 10.15385/yb.miracle.1995
4 陕西省地方志编纂委员会. 陕西省志 第三卷 地理志[M]. 西安: 陕西人民出版社, 2000. doi:10.15385/yb.miracle.2000
Shaanxi Local Chronicles Compile Committee. The Third Volume of Shaanxi Provincial Annals of Geographical Records[M]. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 2000. doi:10.15385/yb.miracle.2000
doi: 10.15385/yb.miracle.2000
5 韩健夫, 杨煜达. 过去千年黄土高原干湿变化和极端干旱事件与太平洋年代际振荡[J]. 中国历史地理论丛, 2017, 32(2): 5-12.
HAN J F, YANG Y D. The reconstruction of dry and wet variation and extreme drought events in Loess Plateau and research a relationship to PDO over the past millennium[J]. Journal of Chinese Historical Geography, 2017, 32(2): 5-12.
6 翟佑安. 中国气象灾害大典 陕西卷[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 2005.
ZHAI Y A. Shaanxi Volume of China Meteorological Disaster Canon[M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2005.
7 王丹, 高红燕, 盛立芳, 等. 1960年以来陕西秋季连阴雨天气的变化特征[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2014, 323(1): 191-201. DOI:10.13577/j. jnd.2014.0127
WANG D, GAO H Y, SHENG L F, et al. Variation characteristics of persistent autumn rain in Shaanxi from 1960[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2014, 23(1): 191-201. DOI:10.13577/j.jnd.2014.0127
doi: 10.13577/j.jnd.2014.0127
8 刘宇峰, 原志华, 李文正, 等. 1961—2013年黄土高原地区旱涝特征及极端和持续性分析[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(2): 345-360. DOI:10.11821/dlyj201702012
LIU Y F, YUAN Z H, LI W Z, et al. Extreme and persistent analysis of drought-flood variation in the Loess Plateau during 1961-2013[J]. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(2): 345-360. DOI:10.11821/dlyj201702012
doi: 10.11821/dlyj201702012
9 赵景波, 顾静, 邵天杰. 唐代渭河流域与泾河流域涝灾研究[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2009, 18(2): 50-55. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4574.2009.02.008
ZHAO J B, GU J, SHAO T J. Flood and waterlogging disaster in Weihe River and Jinghe River Basins in Tang dynasty[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2009, 18(2): 50-55. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4574.2009.02.008
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4574.2009.02.008
10 顾静, 黄河清, 周杰, 等. 泾河流域1644—2003年洪涝灾害和洪水沉积特征研究[J]. 灾害学, 2015, 30(1): 16-20. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2015.01.004
GU J, HUANG H Q, ZHOU J, et al. Characteristics of flood disaster and flood deposition in Jinghe River Basin from the year of 1644 to 2003[J]. Journal of Catastrophology, 2015, 30(1): 16-20. DOI:10. 3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2015.01.004
doi: 10. 3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2015.01.004
11 赵峰, 毕硕本, 李兴宇, 等. 基于EOF和REOF的1470—1911年黄河中下游地区旱涝空间分布特征分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42(4): 799-809. DOI:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2019.04.11
ZHAO F, BI S B, LI X Y, et al. Spatial characteristics of drought/flood disasters based on EOF and REOF in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River from 1470 to 1911[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(4): 799-809. DOI:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2019.04.11
doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2019.04.11
12 YU X F, WANG Y, YU S Y, et al. Synchronous droughts and floods in the southern Chinese Loess Plateau since 1646 CE in phase with decadal solar activities[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2019, 183: 103033. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.103033 .
doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.103033
13 任世芳. 明代汾河流域洪涝灾害发展趋势研究[J]. 人民黄河, 2020, 42(8): 36-39,44. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379.2020.08.008
REN S F. Development trend of the Fenhe River basin flood in Ming dynasty[J]. Yellow River, 2020,42(8): 36-39,44. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379. 2020.08.008
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379. 2020.08.008
14 万红莲, 宋海龙, 朱婵婵, 等. 明清时期宝鸡地区旱涝灾害链及其对气候变化的响应[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(1): 27-38. DOI:10.11821/dlxb201701003
WAN H L, SONG H L, ZHU C C, et al. Drought and flood disaster chain and its response to climate change in Baoji region during the Ming and Qing dynasties[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(1): 27-38. DOI:10.11821/dlxb201701003
doi: 10.11821/dlxb201701003
15 GE Q S, LIU H L, MA X, et al. Characteristics of temperature change in China over the last 2000 years and spatial patterns of dryness/wetness during cold and warm periods[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2017, 34(8): 941-951. DOI:10.1007/s00376-017-6238-8
doi: 10.1007/s00376-017-6238-8
16 张德二. 中国三千年气象记录总集[M]. 南京: 江苏教育出版社, 2013.
ZHANG D E. A Compendium of Chinese Meteorological Records of the Last 3000 Year[M]. Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, 2013.
17 袁林. 西北灾荒史[M]. 兰州: 甘肃人民出版社, 1994. doi:10.5152/tjg.2019.17875
YUAN L. History of Famine in Northwest China[M]. Lanzhou: Gansu People's Publishing House, 1994. doi:10.5152/tjg.2019.17875
doi: 10.5152/tjg.2019.17875
18 朱凤祥. 中国灾害通史 清代卷[M]. 郑州: 郑州大学出版社, 2009.
ZHU F X. General History of Disasters in China in Qing Dynasty[M]. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University Press, 2009.
19 黄广文. 陕西历史自然灾害简要纪实[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 2002.
HUANG G W. Brief Documentary of Historical Natural Disasters in Shaanxi[M]. Beijing: China Meteorology Press, 2002.
20 王绍武. 近500年的厄尔尼诺事件[J]. 气象, 1989(4): 15-20. doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.1989.04.003
WANG S W. El Nino events from 1470 to 1988[J]. Meteorological Monthly, 1989(4): 15-20. doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.1989.04.003
doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.1989.04.003
21 孙金岭, 何元庆, 何则, 等. 基于Morlet小波的清代民国河西走廊洪涝灾害与气候变化研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2016, 30(1): 60-65. DOI:10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2016.011
SUN J L, HE Y Q, HE Z, et al. Study on the flood disasters and climate changes in the Hexi corridor during Qing dynasty and the Republic of China[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2016, 30(1): 60-65. DOI:10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2016.011
doi: 10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2016.011
22 黄喜峰, 吴博华, 崔鹏, 等. 渭河流域550 a旱涝演变驱动力分析[J]. 人民黄河, 2020, 42(S2): 1-4+8.
HUANG X F, WU B F, CUI P, et al. Analysis on driving forces of drought and flood evolution in Weihe River Basin in 550 years[J]. Yellow River, 2020, 42(S2): 1-4,8.
23 殷淑燕, 徐潇悦, 党群. 陕西省明代水旱灾害与干湿特征[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2020, 34(1): 115-122.
YIN S Y, XU X Y, DANG Q. Flood and drought disasters and characteristics of dryness and wetness in Shaanxi province in Ming dynasty [J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2020, 34(1): 115-122.
24 姚檀栋, 谢自楚, 武筱舲, 等. 敦德冰帽中的小冰期气候记录[J]. 中国科学 B辑, 1990(11): 1196-1201. doi:10.1360/zb1990-20-11-1196
YAO T D, XIE Z C, WU X H, et al. Climatic records of the little ice age in Dunde icecap[J]. Science in China, Series B, 1990(11): 1196-1201. doi:10.1360/zb1990-20-11-1196
doi: 10.1360/zb1990-20-11-1196
25 郝志新, 吴茂炜, 张学珍, 等. 过去千年中国年代和百年尺度冷暖阶段的干湿格局变化研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2020, 35(1): 18-25. doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.005
HAO Z X, WU M W, ZHANG X Z, et al. An overview on changes of dry/wet pattern in China in decadal to centennial warm and cold periods during the past millennium[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2020, 35(1): 18-25. doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.005
doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.005
26 ZHENG J Y, WANG W C, GE Q S, et al. Precipitation variability and extreme events in eastern China during the past 1500 years[J]. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 2006, 17(3): 579-592. DOI:10.3319/TAO.2006.17.3.579(A )
doi: 10.3319/TAO.2006.17.3.579(A
27 何则, 何元庆, 王世金, 等. 基于历史文献的1470—2008年中国西北地区气候干湿序列分区重建[J]. 中国沙漠, 2016, 36(5): 1278-1285. DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2015.00150
HE Z, HE Y Q, WANG S J, et al. Reconstruction and comparative analysis of dry/wet series during 1470-2008 in northwest China[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2016, 36(5): 1278-1285. DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2015.00150
doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2015.00150
28 殷淑燕, 黄春长, 查小春. 论极端性洪水灾害与全球气候变化:以汉江和渭河洪水灾害为例[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2012, 21(5): 41-48. doi:10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z
YIN S Y, HUANG C C, ZHA X C. On extreme flood disasters and global climate change: A case study of floodings of Hanjing River and Weihe River[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2012, 21(5): 41-48. doi:10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z
doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z
29 张冲, 赵景波. 厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对陕西气候的影响[J]. 陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 38(5): 98-104. DOI:10.15983/j.cnki.jsnu.2010.05.011
ZHANG C, ZHAO J B. Effects of EI Nino-Southern Oscillation events on climate in Shaanxi province[J]. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2010, 38(5): 98-104. DOI:10. 15983/j.cnki.jsnu.2010.05.011
doi: 10. 15983/j.cnki.jsnu.2010.05.011
30 葛全胜, 刘路路, 郑景云, 等. 过去千年太阳活动异常期的中国东部旱涝格局[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(5): 707-717. DOI:10.11821/dlxb201605001
GE Q S, LIU L L, ZHENG J Y, et al. Spatial patterns of drought/flood over eastern China in the periods of anomalous solar activity during the past millennium[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(5): 707-717. DOI:10.11821/dlxb201605001
doi: 10.11821/dlxb201605001
31 丁一汇, 柳艳菊, 宋亚芳. 东亚夏季风水汽输送带及其对中国大暴雨与洪涝灾害的影响[J]. 水科学进展, 2020, 31(5): 629-643. DOI:10.14042/j.cnki. 32.1309.2020.05.001
DING Y H, LIU Y J, SONG Y F. East Asian summer monsoonal moisture transport belt and its impact on heavy rainfalls and floods in China[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2020, 31(5): 629-643. DOI:10.14042/j.cnki.32.1309.2020.05.001
doi: 10.14042/j.cnki.32.1309.2020.05.001
32 白爱娟, 施能. 东亚冬、夏季风强度指数及其与陕西降水变化的关系[J]. 南京气象学院学报, 2004, 27(4): 519-526. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097. 2004. 04.011
BAI A J, SHI N. East-Asian winter/summer monsoon intensity indexes and their relationship with precipitation in Shaanxi province[J]. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 2004, 27(4): 519-526. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2004.04.011
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2004.04.011
33 刘玉芝, 吴楚樵, 贾瑞, 等. 大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区气候影响研究进展[J]. 中国科学 地球科学, 2018, 48(9): 1141-1152. DOI:10.1126/science. 1163965
LIU Y Z, WU C Q, JIA R, et al. Progress on the impact of atmospheric circulation on climate in arid and semiarid areas of Central East Asia[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2018, 48(9): 1141-1152. doi:10.1126/science. 1163965
doi: 10.1126/science. 1163965
[1] 杨昀则,田鹏,李加林,曹罗丹,张海涛,艾顺毅. 浙江省水域系统时空变化特征及驱动力分析[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(4): 508-520.