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工程设计学报  2025, Vol. 32 Issue (2): 208-219    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2025.04.140
可靠性与保质设计     
基于进给系统非线性静力学模型的机床加工误差预测
李圣韬1(),张大卫1(),郑述国2
1.天津大学 机械工程学院,天津 300354
2.中国通用技术(集团)控股有限责任公司 天津第一机床有限公司,天津 300380
Prediction of machining error of machine tool based on nonlinear statics model of feed system
Shengtao LI1(),Dawei ZHANG1(),Shuguo ZHENG2
1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
2.Tianjin First Machine Tool Co. , Ltd. , China General Technology (Group) Holding, Ltd. , Tianjin 300380, China
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摘要:

为提高机床的加工精度,在机床设计阶段即确定导轨误差的目标,并对导轨误差与工件误差之间的映射关系进行了研究。首先,基于赫兹接触理论,构建了滚动体变形与载荷间的协调关系以及考虑滑块结构刚度的导轨副静力平衡方程;在此基础上,构造了导轨副势能函数,通过势能分解建立了导轨副的等效刚度模型,并开展了有限元仿真验证。然后,基于滑块固定件有限元模型,构建了面向滑块位置节点的滑块固定件刚度矩阵,并基于最小势能原理,结合导轨副等效刚度模型建立了考虑滑块固定件结构刚度的多滑块系统中导轨与运动副间的误差映射关系,同样进行了有限元仿真验证。接着,基于多体系统理论建立了机床几何误差传递模型,得到了刀具的位姿误差。最后,借助几何运动学原理,开展工件三维离散点与刀具几何边界的布尔运算,构建了工件加工误差预测模型,从而建立了导轨误差与工件误差间的映射模型。以某型号机床为例,对比分析了导轨误差与转台误差对工件误差的影响,验证了所提出方法的可行性。研究结果可为机床的精度设计提供理论指导。

关键词: 导轨误差工件误差映射模型多滑块系统运动副误差    
Abstract:

In order to improve the machining accuracy of machine tools, the target of guide rail error is determined during the machine tool design stage, and the mapping relationship between guide rail errors and workpiece errors was studied. Firstly, based on Hertz contact theory, the coordination relationship between rolling element deformation and load was constructed, as well as the static equilibrium equation of the guide rail pair considering the structural stiffness of the slider. On this basis, the potential energy function for the guide rail pair was constructed. The equivalent stiffness model of the guide rail pair was established through the potential energy decomposition, and the finite element simulation verification was carried out. Then, based on the finite element model of the slider fastener, a stiffness matrix of the slider fastener facing the slider position nodes was constructed. Based on the principle of minimum potential energy and combined with the equivalent stiffness model of the guide rail pair, the error mapping relationship between the guide rail and the motion pair in the multi-slider system considering the structural stiffness of the slider fastener was established, and the finite element simulation verification was also carried out. Next, based on the multi-body system theory, a geometric error transfer model for machine tools was established to obtain the tool pose error. Finally, by employing the principle of geometric kinematics, a prediction model for workpiece machining errors was established by performing Boolean operations on the three-dimensional discrete points of the workpiece and the geometric boundaries of the tool, thereby establishing a mapping model between guide rail errors and workpiece errors. Taking a certain type of machine tool as an example, the influence of guide rail error and turntable error on workpiece error was compared and analyzed, which verified the feasibility of the proposed method. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the precision design of machine tools.

Key words: guide rail error    workpiece error    mapping model    multi-slider system    motion pair error
收稿日期: 2024-05-20 出版日期: 2025-05-06
CLC:  TH 122  
基金资助: 工业和信息化部重大科技专项资助项目(TC210H035-008)
通讯作者: 张大卫     E-mail: shengtao_li@tju.edu.cn;medzhang@tju.edu.cn
作者简介: 李圣韬(1993—),男,硕士生,从事精密立式磨床误差研究,E-mail: shengtao_li@tju.edu.cn,https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7540-8934
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引用本文:

李圣韬,张大卫,郑述国. 基于进给系统非线性静力学模型的机床加工误差预测[J]. 工程设计学报, 2025, 32(2): 208-219.

Shengtao LI,Dawei ZHANG,Shuguo ZHENG. Prediction of machining error of machine tool based on nonlinear statics model of feed system[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2025, 32(2): 208-219.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2025.04.140        https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/Y2025/V32/I2/208

图1  滑块尺寸及滚动体的排列情况
图2  单滑块导轨副静力分析
图3  单滑块导轨副仿真模型
图4  单滑块导轨副等效刚度的仿真值与理论计算值对比
图5  多滑块系统结构示意
图6  多滑块系统坐标系构建
图7  滑块固定件受力示意图
图8  导轨与滑块的变形示意图
图9  运动副误差的计算结果与仿真结果对比
图10  机床拓扑结构
图11  刀具加工位置示意
图12  工件表面轮廓计算流程
图13  立式坐标磨床结构
图14  导轨误差影响下的工件表面轮廓预测结果
图15  导轨误差影响下的工件圆度误差
图16  综合误差影响下的工件表面轮廓预测结果
图17  综合误差影响下的工件圆度误差
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