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工程设计学报  2023, Vol. 30 Issue (6): 678-686    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2024.03.161
机器人与机构设计     
基于优化Hector-SLAM算法的机器人自主导航系统设计
汪建华(),黄磊(),石雨婷,张晓倩,祁良剑
南京林业大学 机械电子工程学院,江苏 南京 210037
Design of robot autonomous navigation system based on optimized Hector-SLAM algorithm
Jianhua WANG(),Lei HUANG(),Yuting SHI,Xiaoqian ZHANG,Liangjian QI
School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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摘要:

针对机器人在复杂地形环境下定位不准确、建图精度不高和误差堆积等问题,设计了一种基于优化Hector-SLAM(simultaneous localization and mapping,实时定位与建图)算法的自主导航系统,以实现机器人在及时躲避障碍物的同时准确到达目标点。首先,采用双三次插值法代替原有插值法,以解决Hector-SLAM算法在使用低精度激光雷达数据建图时易出现地图不清晰等问题,从而提升扫描匹配的精准度。其次,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法对里程计和惯性测量单元的数据进行融合,以提高定位的准确性。再次,针对激光点数据无法瞬时获得而机器人持续运动所导致的运动畸变问题,结合里程计辅助法与PL-ICP(point to line iterative closest points,点到线迭代最近点)配准法,以实现运动畸变的校正;同时,设置倾斜角阈值以消除地图重影,并利用A*算法和动态窗口法规划最优路径。最后,以AGV(automated guided vehicle,自主导引车)为例,在实际场景中开展建图实验和自主导航实验。结果表明,优化后自主导航系统的平均建图相对误差约为0.44%,最小建图误差为0.236 m,较优化前减小了0.041 m,有效地解决了因误差堆积和运动畸变而导致的建图不清晰问题,增强了AGV在复杂地形环境中的适应能力,实现了高精度定位。研究结果对提高移动机器人在室内多障碍物环境下的自主导航能力具有一定的理论和工程意义。

关键词: Hector-SLAM(实时定位与建图)双三次插值法运动畸变消除重影自主导航    
Abstract:

Aiming at the problems of inaccurate positioning, low mapping accuracy and error accumulation of robots in complex terrain environments, an autonomous navigation system based on optimized Hector-SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) algorithm is designed, which ensures that the robot reaches the target point accurately while avoiding obstacles promptly. Firstly, the bicubic interpolation method was used to replace the original interpolation method to solve the problem of map blurring when the Hector-SLAM algorithm was used to build maps with low-precision lidar data, so as to improve the accuracy of scan matching. Secondly, the extended Kalman filter algorithm was used to fuse the data of odometer and inertial measurement unit, which could improve the positioning accuracy. Thirdly, in view of the problem of motion distortion caused by the inability to obtain instantaneous laser point data and the continuous movement of robot, the odometer auxiliary method and PL-ICP (point to line iterative closest points) registration method were combined to realize the correction of motion distortion. At the same time, the tilt angle threshold was set to eliminate the map ghosting, and the optimal path was planned by using A* algorithm and dynamic window approach. Finally, taking AGV (automated guided vehicle) as an example, the mapping experiments and autonomous navigation experiments were carried out in actual scenarios. The results showed that the average mapping relative error of the optimized autonomous navigation system was about 0.44%, and the minimum mapping error was 0.236 m, which was 0.041 m less than that before optimization. It effectively solved the problem of unclear mapping caused by error accumulation and motion distortion, and enhanced the adaptability of AGV in complex terrain environment, so as to achieve high-precision positioning. The research results have certain theoretical and engineering significance for improving the autonomous navigation ability of mobile robots in indoor multi-obstacle environment.

Key words: Hector-SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping)    bicubic interpolation method    motion distortion    ghosting elimination    autonomous navigation
收稿日期: 2023-05-05 出版日期: 2024-01-02
CLC:  TH 741  
基金资助: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31901239);南京林业大学2023年大学生创新训练计划项目(2023NFUSPITP0066)
通讯作者: 黄磊     E-mail: 18816212079@163.com;huanglei@njfu.edu.cn
作者简介: 汪建华(1996—),男,河南商丘人,硕士生,从事机器人自主导航和激光SLAM技术研究,E-mail: 18816212079@163.com,https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7071-9285
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引用本文:

汪建华,黄磊,石雨婷,张晓倩,祁良剑. 基于优化Hector-SLAM算法的机器人自主导航系统设计[J]. 工程设计学报, 2023, 30(6): 678-686.

Jianhua WANG,Lei HUANG,Yuting SHI,Xiaoqian ZHANG,Liangjian QI. Design of robot autonomous navigation system based on optimized Hector-SLAM algorithm[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2023, 30(6): 678-686.

链接本文:

https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2024.03.161        https://www.zjujournals.com/gcsjxb/CN/Y2023/V30/I6/678

图1  双三次插值模型示意
软硬件设备型号
树莓派英伟达Jetson Xavier
激光雷达RPLIDAR-A1
AGV底盘松灵TRACER
IMUGY-85
操作系统Ubuntu 18.04 ROS melodic desktop full
表1  AGV的软硬件设备
图2  AGV底盘实物图
图3  AGV自主导航系统搭载的激光雷达
图4  Hector-SLAM算法优化前后的建图效果对比
图5  百度地图中的南林教九楼二楼走廊
图6  南林教九楼二楼走廊建图结果
图7  百度地图中的南林逸夫楼三楼走廊
图8  南林逸夫楼三楼走廊建图结果
图9  南林教九楼二楼走廊示意图
建图算法走廊编号实测值/mSLAM测量值/m误差/m相对误差/%

优化前

Hector-SLAM

a91.11091.4670.3570.392
b90.77091.1220.3520.388
c45.67045.9470.2770.607
d45.93046.2130.2830.616

优化后

Hector-SLAM

a91.11091.4280.3180.349
b90.77091.0820.3120.344
c45.67045.9060.2360.517
d45.93046.1750.2450.533
表2  优化前后AGV自主导航系统的建图误差对比
图10  Rviz平台中AGV自主导航的起点
图11  Rviz平台中AGV的自主导航过程
图12  实际场景中AGV的避障过程
图13  Rviz平台中AGV的避障过程
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[1] 张洪, 邱晓天. 基于EtherCATROS全向移动导航系统[J]. 工程设计学报, 2021, 28(2): 241-247.