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浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）
浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (3): 332-342    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2018.03.061
资源利用与环境保护     
北方稻蟹共作对水体氮素淋溶损失的影响
王昂1,2,3(),戴丹超1,3,马旭洲1,3(),牟群4,于永清5,吕为群1,2()
1. 上海海洋大学，水产科学国家级实验教学示范中心，上海 201306
2. 上海海洋大学，水产种质资源挖掘与利用教育部重点实验室，上海 201306
3. 上海海洋大学，农业农村部淡水水产种质资源重点实验室/上海市水产养殖工程技术研究中心/水产动物遗传育种上海市协同创新中心，上海 201306
4. 淮安生物工程高等职业学校，江苏 淮安 223200
5. 盘山县河蟹技术研究所，辽宁 盘锦 124000
Effects of rice-crab culture on nitrogen leaching in rice fields in the north of China.
Ang WANG1,2,3(),Danchao DAI1,3,Xuzhou MA1,3(),Qun MOU4,Yongqing YU5,Weiqun Lü1,2()
1. National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
2. Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
3. Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding/Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
4. Huai’an Higher Vocational School of Biological Engineering, Huai’an 223200, Jiangsu, China
5. Panshan Research Institution of Crab Technology, Panjin 124000, Liaoning, China
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摘要：

为探索稻蟹共作系统水体氮（N）素的淋溶损失，在辽宁省盘锦市开展田间试验。试验采用二因素裂区设计，以养蟹为主因素，施N肥为副因素，设置4个处理，即单作稻不施N肥（R0M），稻蟹共作不施N肥（R0C），单作稻施N肥（施N量为160 kg/hm2， R1M）和稻蟹共作施N肥（160 kg/hm2, R1C）。结果表明：铵态氮（NH4 +-N）是田面水中N素存在的主要形态，占田面水中总N（total nitrogen, TN）含量的50.8%；硝态氮（NO3 －-N）是淋溶水N素的主要形态，占TN淋溶量的 58.5%。施肥可以显著提高土壤微生物量N（microbial biomass nitrogen, MBN）含量、田面水N素和淋溶水N素含量（P＜0.05）。养蟹稻田的土壤MBN含量较单作稻田提高了17.7%。养蟹可以显著降低淋溶水NO3 －-N含量（P＜0.05），但是对田面水N素、淋溶水铵态氮（NH4 +-N）和可溶性有机氮（dissolved organic nitrogen, DON）含量影响较小。淋溶水NO3 --N含量与田面水NO3 －-N含量呈线性正相关（P＜0.01），淋溶水DON含量与土壤MBN含量呈线性负相关（P＜0.01）。R1M和R1C处理的TN淋溶量分别占当季施肥量的7.6%和 6.3%，N淋溶不是肥料中N素损失的主要途径。在施肥条件下，养蟹降低了15.0%的TN淋溶量（P＜0.05），而在不施肥条件下，降低了7.2%的TN淋溶量（P＞0.05）。说明稻蟹共作模式可以有效地降低稻田肥料N素的淋溶损失。
关键词： 稻蟹共作;  施肥;  土壤微生物量氮;  氮素淋溶损失;  相关性    
Abstract:

In order to explore the leaching loss of nitrogen (N) in the rice-crab culture system, a field experiment was carried out in Panjin, Liaoning Province. A split-plot design with two factors was arranged in this experiment, with crab or without crab as main factors, with or without N fertilizer as sub-factors. The treatments included: 1) rice monoculture without N fertilizer (R0M); 2) rice-crab culture without N fertilizer (R0C); 3) rice monoculture with N fertilization (with N of 160 kg/hm2, R1M); 4) rice-crab culture with N fertilizer (with N of 160 kg N/hm2, R1C). The results showed that NH4 +-N was the primary form of N in flooding water, accounting for 50.8% of the total N (TN), while NO3 －-N contributed the most to N in leaching water, accounting for 58.5% of TN. Fertilization could significantly increase the concentrations of microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) in soil, N in flooding and leaching water (P＜0.05). The mean concentration of soil MBN in rice-crab field was 17.7% higher than that in rice monoculture. Rearing crab significantly increased the concentration of MBN in soil and reduced leaching losses of NO3 －-N (P＜0.05), but had little effect on N concentrations in flooding water and leaching losses of NH4 +-N and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). The concentration of NO3 －-N in the leaching water showed positive correlation with NO3 －-N in flooding water (P＜0.01), while the concentration of DON in the leaching water was negatively correlated with the concentration of soil MBN (P＜0.01). The cumulative TN leaching of R1M and R1C treatments was 7.6% and 6.3%, respectively, which indicated that the N leaching was not the predominant fertilizer N losses. Rearing crab in rice fields could reduce the cumulative TN leaching by 15.0% at fertilized plots (P＜0.05), and 7.2% at no fertilized plots (P＞0.05). All in all, the integration of rice and crab cultivation effectively reduces the leaching loss of N fertilizer in rice field.
Key words: rice-crab culture    fertilization    microbial biomass nitrogen in soil    leaching losses of nitrogen    correlation
收稿日期: 2018-03-06 出版日期: 2019-06-25
CLC:  S 966.16  
基金资助: 国家自然科学基金(31572599);上海市现代农业产业技术体系(沪农科产字〔2019〕第4号);水产动物遗传育种中心上海市协同创新中心项目(ZF1206)
通讯作者: 马旭洲,吕为群     E-mail: karso135@163.com;xzma@shou.edu.cn;wqlv@shou.edu.cn
作者简介: 王昂（https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5176-0956），E-mail：karso135@163.com
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引用本文:

王昂,戴丹超,马旭洲,牟群,于永清,吕为群. 北方稻蟹共作对水体氮素淋溶损失的影响[J]. 浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）, 2019, 45(3): 332-342.

Ang WANG,Danchao DAI,Xuzhou MA,Qun MOU,Yongqing YU,Weiqun Lü. Effects of rice-crab culture on nitrogen leaching in rice fields in the north of China.. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2019, 45(3): 332-342.

链接本文:

http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2018.03.061    或    http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/Y2019/V45/I3/332

图1  不同处理土壤MBN含量的动态变化
图2  不同处理田面水N素含量的动态变化
图3  不同处理淋溶水N素含量的动态变化
处理Treatments NH4 +-N/(kg/hm2) NO3 －-N/(kg/hm2) DON/(kg/hm2) TN/(kg/hm2)
平均 Average 1.81 (23.0) 4.61 (58.5) 1.46 (18.5) 7.88
R0M 1.03±0.11b (20.6) 3.02±0.08c (60.5) 0.94±0.23b (18.8) 5.00±0.22c
R0C 1.20±0.06b (25.8) 2.54±0.50d (54.8) 0.90±0.10b (19.3) 4.64±0.59c
R1M 2.65±0.22a (22.4) 7.08±0.42a (59.8) 2.12±0.26a (17.9) 11.84±0.81a
R1C 2.38±0.23a (23.6) 5.80±0.27b (57.6) 1.89±0.21a (18.7) 10.06±0.40b
表1  各处理稻田NH4 +-N、NO3 －-N、DON和TN 的淋溶量
图 4  稻田TN淋溶量
图5  田面水NO3 --N含量和淋溶水NO3 --N含量的相关性
图6  不施肥稻田淋溶水DON含量与土壤MBN含量的相关性
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