不同施氮量对玉米产量及各器官养分积累的影响

doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2016.10.114

浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）

2018, Vol. 44

Issue (5): 573-579 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2016.10.114

作物栽培与生理

不同施氮量对玉米产量及各器官养分积累的影响

刘志恒^1,2，徐开未¹，王科¹，解晋¹，王佳锐¹，赵亚妮¹，陈远学^1*

（1. 四川农业大学资源学院，成都611130；2. 四川省乐山市五通桥区农业局，四川乐山 614800）

Effect of different nitrogen applications on maize yield and nutrient accumulation in different organs

LIU Zhiheng^1,2, XU Kaiwei¹, WANG Ke¹, XIE Jin¹, WANG Jiarui¹, ZHAO Yani¹, CHEN Yuanxue^1*

(1. College of Resource Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; 2. Wutongqiao District Agricultural Bureau, Leshan 614800, Sichuan, China)

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摘要： 通过田间定位试验，研究不同施氮量（0、90、180、270、390 kg/hm²，分别记为N₀、N₁、N₂、N₃、N₄）对玉米千粒质量、籽粒产量、氮肥利用率及植株各器官养分积累的影响。结果表明：1）随着施氮量的增加，玉米植株生物量、籽粒产量均呈先增加后降低的趋势，都在N₂时达到最高，N₁、N₂、N₃、N₄处理玉米产量与N₀处理相比分别增加了83.8%、116.1%、109.7%、69.4%；植株生物量N₂处理分别比N₀、N₁、N₃、N₄处理高出197.5%、23.0%、9.4%、9.6%。2）玉米氮肥偏生产力、农学利用效率均随施氮量的增加而不断降低，氮收获指数为N₃（66.7%）＞N₂（63.8%）＞N₁（61.1%）＞N₀（57.7%）＞N₄（51.9%）。氮肥当季利用率随施氮量的增加逐渐降低，N₁、N₂ 处理相对较高，N₄ 处理最低，分别为85.9%、74.2%、29.9%。3）玉米同一器官对氮磷钾的吸收量差异明显，籽粒、叶片和芯对氮（N）的吸收大于磷（P）和钾（K），茎和叶鞘对K的吸收大于N和P，根对K的吸收大于P和N。4）玉米收获期土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量都随施氮量增加而增加，土壤铵态氮含量处于较低水平，且在不同处理下均低于硝态氮含量。综上表明，长期最佳施用氮肥量为180 kg/hm²，能获得较高产量和氮肥利用效率，保持土壤肥力，减少污染。

关键词： 长期施肥; 玉米; 氮利用效率; 养分积累

Abstract: The study was carried out based on a long-term site field experiment that started from 2009 to 2014, with the same fertilizer application with P₂O₅ 75 kg/hm², K₂O 105 kg/hm². The nitrogen fertilizer was applied with five different amounts (0, 90, 180, 270 and 390 kg/hm², marked as N₀, N₁, N₂, N₃, N₄), which was added to the maize in a ratio of 3∶3∶4 referring to base fertilizer∶stem elongation∶head sprouting. The results showed: 1) The biomass, grain yield of maize increased first and then decreased with the increasing amount of nitrogen fertilizer application. The grain yield of N₁, N₂, N₃, and N₄ treatment was higher 83.8%, 116.1%, 109.7% and 69.4% than that of N₀, respectively. Moreover, the N₂ treatment obtained the highest biomass which was 197.5%, 23.0%, 9.4% and 9.6% more than that of N₀, N₁, N₃ and N₄, respectively. 2) The partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen (PFP-N) and the agronomic utilization efficiency of the maize presented a decreasing trend with the increasing of nitrogen application. The harvest index of nitrogen in different treatments differed from each other in which N₃ (66.7%)＞N₂(63.8%)＞N₁ (61.1%)＞N₀(57.7%)＞N₄ (51.9%). The utilization rate of N fertilizer in the current season showed reduction with the increment of N fertilizer application in which the highest rate was 85.9% from N₁ while the lowest was 29.9% in N₄ treatment. 3) The assimilation of N, P and K in the same organ of maize showed a huge difference. For example, the grains, leaves and corn cob preferred to assimilate more N than P and K, and the stem and leaf sheath absorbed more K than N and P, whilst the root absorbed more K than N and P. 4) The ammonium and nitrate nitrogen of soil in the harvest stage of maize increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application, but the ammonium nitrogen of soil was still at a low level, which was lower than the nitrate nitrogen in each treatment. In summary, the optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer for a long-term agricultural cultivation of maize is 180 kg/hm², which could keep the fertility of soil and also protect the environment.

Key words: long-term fertilization maize nitrogen use efficiency nutrient accumulation

出版日期: 2018-10-30

CLC:

S 513

基金资助: 国家重点研发计划（2016YFD0300300）；国家现代农业玉米产业技术体系项目（CARS-02-04）。

通讯作者: 陈远学(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9734-4157) E-mail: cyxue11889@163.com

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引用本文:

刘志恒, 徐开未, 王科, 解晋, 王佳锐, 赵亚妮, 陈远学. 不同施氮量对玉米产量及各器官养分积累的影响[J]. 浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）, 2018, 44(5): 573-579.

LIU Zhiheng, XU Kaiwei, WANG Ke, XIE Jin, WANG Jiarui, ZHAO Yani, CHEN Yuanxue. Effect of different nitrogen applications on maize yield and nutrient accumulation in different organs. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2018, 44(5): 573-579.

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http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2016.10.114 或 http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/Y2018/V44/I5/573

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