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浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）
浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)  2016, Vol. 42 Issue (6): 731-738    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2015.12.131
农业科学     
产地与种源对玛咖化学质量的影响
周文彬， 成哲弘， 赵云鹏*， 傅承新
浙江大学生命科学学院，濒危野生动植物保护生物学教育部重点实验室，杭州 310058
Contribution of environmental and genetic variation to chemical similarity of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.)
ZHOU Wenbin, CHENG Zhehong, ZHAO Yunpeng*, FU Chengxin
(Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)
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摘要： 利用多种源同地栽培的同质园试验和同一种源异地栽培的迁地试验，分析不同类别玛咖(Lepidium meyenii Walp.)的17种氨基酸、8种矿质元素、总生物碱、6种玛咖酰胺等含量的差异及化学分化式样，为玛咖质量控制和标准化栽培提供参考。对玛咖化学成分含量比较表明：同质园试验的4个种源之间的差异小于迁地试验2个产地之间的差异，前者在5个指标成分含量上具显著差异，而后者达11个；种源和产地影响的具体化学成分不尽相同，其中最突出的是同质园试验不同种源之间在分析的8种矿质元素上均无显著差异，而迁地试验玛咖有5种矿质元素含量及总含量差异显著；四川红原栽培的6号种源（H6）的总生物碱含量显著高于阿坝（A6）；不同种源和产地对供试材料的玛咖酰胺含量均无显著影响。主成分分析、分级聚类分析和相似度系数（夹角余弦值）比较均表明：相同种源迁地试验的2类玛咖在总体化学相似性上呈现显著的差异和分化，其差异/分化程度显著大于供试的4个不同种源之间的差异/分化程度。供试玛咖的化学质量主要受产地环境的影响，特别是不同产地的土壤条件直接影响玛咖块根的矿质元素含量；而现有不同种源的影响较小。因此，在玛咖规范化生产中，应更注重产地的选择和环境条件的控制，同时，应进一步分析不同种源之间的遗传分化及其与化学相似性的相关性，以更好地解析遗传/种源效应。
Abstract: Maca, Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae), has been domesticated as a medicinal crop at high altitude of the Peruvian Andes for two millennia. Its cultivars or landraces with different chemical profiles were bred and introduced out of Peru to various countries for industrial cultivation as driven by the increasing demand. Maca, which was approved on the China Inventory of New Resource Food in 2011, was also massively cultivated in multiple regions in China. The applied Maca cultivars differed among the producers, which may result in significant inconsistency of Maca quality. Thus, it is increasingly urgent to assess the quality of Maca roots with different cultivars and cultivation localities.
We simultaneously conducted both common garden and translocation experiments to address the contribution of both genetic and environmental variation to chemical similarity of Maca. Contents of mineral elements, amino acids, total alkaloid, and macamides were determined on five replicate samples of each Maca category using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), L8900 amino acid analyzer, UV-2700 spectrophotometer and ProStar 210 high performance liquid chromatograph. Both the chemical component contents and overall similarity coefficient were calculated and compared for the four parameters above using analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and cosine coefficient. Data analyses were conducted using SPSS version 22.0.
The results showed that the same cultivar from the translocation experiment (H6, A6) demonstrated remarkably greater chemical dissimilarity than the four cultivars (H1, H2, H3, H6) from the common garden experiment. The former experimental pair significantly differed in 11 components, while the latter four cultivars differed in five components. Although different groups of components differed to different extents between either cultivars or localities, the contents of mineral elements were prominently different between localities. Specifically, the total content and the contents of five of the total eight mineral elements were significantly different between the two studied localities. Meanwhile, Maca from Hongyuan of Sichuan Province (H6) showed a significantly higher content of total alkaloids than that from Aba of Sichuan Province (A6). Macamides did not differ either between localities or cultivars. A remarkable differentiation and the greater chemical dissimilarity between localities were also supported by the comparisons of the overall chemical similarity using PCA, HCA and cosine coefficient. 
In conclusion, the chemical quality of the analyzed Maca is mainly determined by the environmental difference, particularly the soils which may directly impact the contents of mineral elements in Maca roots. More attention should be laid on the selection of farm localities and the control of cultivation environments. Further investigations of genetic distances of Maca cultivars and their relationships with chemical similarity will help better understand the exact contribution of cultivars.
出版日期: 2016-11-19
CLC:  R 282.6  
基金资助: 浙江省自然科学基金（LY13C020001）；国家中医药行业科研专项（201407002）
通讯作者: 赵云鹏(http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-8472)，Tel:+86-571-88206463，E-mail:ypzhao@zju.edu.cn   
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引用本文:

周文彬， 成哲弘， 赵云鹏， 傅承新. 产地与种源对玛咖化学质量的影响[J]. 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2016, 42(6): 731-738.

ZHOU Wenbin, CHENG Zhehong, ZHAO Yunpeng, FU Chengxin . Contribution of environmental and genetic variation to chemical similarity of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.). Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2016, 42(6): 731-738.

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http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2015.12.131    或    http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/Y2016/V42/I6/731

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