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浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）
浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)  2013, Vol. 39 Issue (5): 556-564    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2012.12.251
资源与环境科学     
不同施肥模式对甘蓝氮素利用与流失的影响
徐捷， 单立楠， 俞丹萍， 李竺霖， 何云峰*
(浙江大学环境与资源学院，杭州 310058)
Effects of different fertilization modes on nitrogen  use efficiency of cabbages and nitrogen loss from vegetable field
XU Jie, SHAN Li’nan, YU Danping, LI Zhulin, HE Yunfeng*
(College of Environment and  Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)
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摘要： 在天然降雨条件下，采用田间试验方法，在太湖流域地区研究不同施肥模式对甘蓝产量和氮素利用及对径流水和淋溶水中氮素流失动态的影响，并对氮素流失量及流失率进行分析。试验设置6个处理：不施肥、常规化肥（256 kg/hm2）、有机肥（256 kg/hm2）、蔬菜专用肥（256 kg/hm2）、蔬菜专用肥减量20%（205 kg/hm2）和蔬菜专用肥减量40%（154 kg/hm2）。结果表明：蔬菜专用肥比常规施肥和有机肥显著提高甘蓝产量，分别增产31.84%和50.31%，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。各处理间甘蓝氮素利用率在10.55%~24.17%之间，且不同施氮量蔬菜专用肥的氮素利用率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），随着施氮量的减小，氮素利用率由16.72%提高至24.17%。甘蓝生长季氮素流失的主要途径是地表径流，流失量为19.66~38.03 kg/hm2，主要流失形态为硝态氮。氮素淋溶流失量受施肥和淋溶水量影响，淋失率为0.21%~0.56%，主要流失形态为铵态氮。蔬菜专用肥比常规化肥可减少7.43 kg/hm2的氮素流失。蔬菜专用肥减量40%后，氮素流失量可比蔬菜专用肥处理减少12.02 kg/hm2。通过施用蔬菜专用肥并优化施肥量（减量20%）能够在保证甘蓝产量的前提下提高甘蓝氮素利用率、降低氮素的流失量，从而减轻氮素流失对水环境的污染。
Abstract: Conventional fertilization causes  soil nitrogen loss and low fertilizer use efficiency in vegetable growing system, and the nitrogen loss also increases  the risk on environment. Many researchers have reported a significant decrease of leaching NO3--N losses when the amount of nitrogen applied decreases. However, little efforts have been made on the study of nitrogen loss by surface runoff or by leaching in vegetable field. Therefore, in order to evaluate the effects of different fertilization on the yield of cabbages, the nitrogen use efficiency, the dynamics of nitrogen loss and simultaneously the amount of nitrogen loss by runoff or by leaching and their relative ratios, a series of field experiments in the cabbage fields in Taihu watershed and also the laboratory studies were carried out respectively during September to November, 2010. Six modes of fertilization, i.e., none fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizers (CF), organic manure (OF), special fertilizers (SF) (combined chemical fertilizer and organic manure), reduced amount of special fertilizers by 20% (SF1), reduced amount of special fertilizers by 40% (SF2), were conducted in cabbage growing system in Taihu watershed. Accordingly, the amounts of nitrogen applied were 0, 256, 256, 256, 205 and  154 kg/hm2, respectively. The experimental design was the randomized complete block with triplications, each plot of which was 17.5 m2 (5 m×3.5 m). The results showed that the yield of cabbages was SF> SF1>CF>SF2>OF>CK. While compared with the chemical fertilizer and organic manure, the special fertilizers significantly increased the yields by 31.84% and 50.31% (P<0.05), respectively. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (NAE) was SF1>SF2>OF>CF>SF>CK. The physiological efficiency of nitrogen (NPE) was OF>SF1>CF>SF2>SF>CK. The nitrogen uptake was SF>SF1>SF2>CF>OF>CK. There was no significant difference in nitrogen uptake among  different fertilization modes. The nitrogen use efficiency was 10.55%24.17%.  Significant differences （P<0.05） were found in nitrogen use efficiency, which increased significantly from 16.72% to 24.17% with the amount of nitrogen applied decreased, among different special fertilizers (SF, SF1 and SF2). The total nitrogen loss was 13.1140.66 kg/hm2, the descending order of which for all the treatments was: CF>SF>OF>SF1>SF2>CK. The main way of N loss in the cabbage field was by surface runoff, which accounted for 90.92%94.42% of total nitrogen loss. The nitrogen loss by leaching surface runoff was significantly correlated with fertilization and leaching amounts, while the surface runoff was slightly impacted by fertilization and rainfall, and the ratio of leached N/fertilizer N was only 0.21%0.56%. Nitrate was the main form of N loss in surface runoff while the ammonium was the main one in leachate. Compared with the chemical fertilizers, the special fertilizers decreased the total nitrogen loss by 7.43 kg/hm2. Among the special fertilizers, SF2 decreased the total nitrogen loss by 12.02 kg/hm2  compared with SF treatment. It is concluded that the special fertilizers and the reduced amount of nitrogen applied are beneficial to the increase of nitrogen use efficiency by cabbage and the decrease of  nitrogen loss from the vegetable field, hence being helpful to protect the water environment in Taihu watershed. Based on the above research results, we can conclude that the reduced amount of special fertilizers by 20% is the environment-friendly way of fertilization for sustainable cabbage growing systems.
出版日期: 2013-09-20
CLC:  S 635  
基金资助:

国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项资助项目（2008ZX07101-006）。
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徐捷
单立楠
俞丹萍
李竺霖
何云峰*

引用本文:

徐捷， 单立楠， 俞丹萍， 李竺霖， 何云峰*. 不同施肥模式对甘蓝氮素利用与流失的影响[J]. 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2013, 39(5): 556-564.

XU Jie, SHAN Li’nan, YU Danping, LI Zhulin, HE Yunfeng*. Effects of different fertilization modes on nitrogen  use efficiency of cabbages and nitrogen loss from vegetable field. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2013, 39(5): 556-564.

链接本文:

http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2012.12.251    或    http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/Y2013/V39/I5/556

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