Starch phosphorylation is a general phenomenon existing naturally in the plant kingdom. The reaction of phosphorylation catalyzed by the glucan-water dikinase （GWD） is a necessary process during the degradation of the transitory starch in plant. In this review, we summarized the progress made on GWD from the view of its structure, biological functions and its interactions with other enzymes involved in starch metabolism. We also discussed its potential application in starch processing industries to provide environment-friendly methods for starch modification through genetic engineering. Potato GWD gene （StGWD） encodes a protein of 1 461 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of about 160 ku for the entire coding sequence. From the N-terminal to C-terminal of the mature StGWD protein, there is a chloroplast transit peptide domain, two carbohydrate-binding modules, a phosphohistidine domain and nucleotide binding domain in turn. GWD marks sections for glucan hydrolysis via C6 phosphorylation to initiate granule surface hydration, while phosphoglucan water dikinase （PWD）, an isoform of GWD then recognizes these partially solubilized sections and catalyzes C3 phosphorylation of nascent glucans to induce steric strain that breaks the helical structure and prevents recrystallization. The starch in leaves will encounter an excess accumulation if the expression of the GWD is inhibited or decreased. And the overexpression of the enzyme may increase the phosphate content of the natural starch. In vivo, many enzymes related to starch metabolism can interact with the GWD, but the mechanisms of their real interaction are not clear yet. The growth will be profoundly inhibited if plants are encountered with environmental stress. We hypothesize that higher phosphorylated starch may be accumulated if farmers can make good use of the adversary conditions. However, further research and experimental data are needed to support this hypothesis.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are universal signal transmission modules in eukaryotes. Recent increasing evidences have proved that MAPKs play pivotal roles in plant growth and development, as well as in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Up to date, a number of MAPK genes have been isolated from different plants. However, the most extensively studied MAPKs are MAPK3, MAPK4 and MAPK6 in Arabidopsis and rice. The function of other MAPK family members is not clear yet. Tomato, one of the most important vegetables, is considered one of the model plants for productive development. To the best of our knowledge, the research on tomato MAPK family genes is very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the temporal and spatial expression profiles of tomato SlMAPK7, analyze the cis-elements in its promoter sequences, and to confirm the subcellular localization of SlMAPK7 protein. The expression profiles of SlMAPK7 in the roots, stems, leaves, calyxes, petals, stamens, pistils, and fruits from flowering tomato plants were characterized by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)， as well as the flower buds ranging from 2 mm to 8.5 mm in length, representing in different floral development periods. The 5′-upstream cis-acting sequences of tomato SlMAPK7 gene were identified by PCR method according to the tomato genome sequence data. PLACE and PlantCARE were used to analyze the cis-element of promoter. A plant expression vector with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was constructed to confirm the subcellular localization of SlMAPK7 protein. Meanwhile, another plant expression vector with green fluorescent protein and β-glucuronidase (GUS) report gene was constructed to study the activity of promoter. The promoter expression vector was transferred into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to analyze the promoter profiles. The expression analysis using qRT-PCR showed that the relative gene expression level of SlMAPK7 in stamen was far higher than other tissues. At different floral development stages, the highest gene expression level of SlMAPK7 was found in the flower bud with the length of 4.66.5 mm. Transient expression analysis indicated that YFP-SlMAPK7 fusion protein was localized in the cell nucleus and the membrane of onion epidermal cells. The 1 823 bp region flanking （from -29 bp to -1 851 bp） sequences of the 5′-upstream in the tomato SlMAPK7 gene were isolated and sequenced. Structure analysis of the promoter using PLACE and PlantCARE revealed that the promoter sequences contained basic cis-elements, such as TATA-box and CAAT-box and many abiotic stress responsive elements. It was worth noting that the sequences also contained several pollen development-related cis-elements. Transient expression analysis indicated that the cloned sequences were active promoters. The expression analysis of SlMAPK7 promoter in Arabidopsis by β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining showed that the SlMAPK7 was mainly expressed in apical meristem of stem and root during the seedling period, while it was expressed in stigma and receptacle in the adult plant. In conclusion, SlMAPK7 takes part probably in the signal transduction pathway in the cell nucleus and membrane, which may play an important role in the flower development in tomato. Our study provides some helpful informations for further elucidating the precise roles of MAPK7 in tomato growth and development.

Leaf position significantly affects plant disease resistance. The majority of known examples demonstrate that plants are generally more susceptible to disease in lower leaves than upper leaves. Among them there are the resistances of cabbage to Hyaloperonospora parasitica, tomato to Phytophthora infestans and adlay to Bipolaris coicis. The exception is grapevine-Uncinula necator pathosystem where the lower leaves show a higher resistance to powdery mildew pathogen U. necator than the upper leaves. To date, the molecular mechanisms controlling leaf position-associated resistance remain unclear. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most destructive plant pathogenic fungi in the world. The white mould/stem rot disease caused by S. sclerotiorum is a serious world-wide problem, resulting in a huge yield loss every year. On the other hand, the role of Ca2+ signaling pathway in plant disease resistance has been revealed. Nevertheless, whether it affects the leaf position-associated resistance is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of leaf position on resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana to S. sclerotiorum and to further reveal the role of Ca2+ signaling pathway in this leaf position-associated resistance and thus to improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance. The effect of leaf position on the resistance of N. benthamiana to S. sclerotiorum was analyzed by comparison among the resistance of leaves at various positions in the same plants, which was evaluated through inoculation experiments. Contribution of Ca2+ signaling pathway to this leaf position-associated resistance was demonstrated through three layers of assays, pharmacological assay to make clear effect of Ca2+ channel inhibitors LaCl3 and NaVO3 on leaf position-associated resistance, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay to probe the expression of three Ca2+ signaling-related genes NbCNGC20, NbCAMTA3 and NbCML1 in leaves at different positions and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay to explore the effect of the Ca2+ signaling-related gene NbCML1 on leaf position-associated resistance to S. sclerotiorum in N. benthamiana. The results of inoculation experiments showed that the leaf position significantly influenced the resistance of N. benthamiana to S. sclerotiorum. The upper, middle and lower leaves of 12-leaf-stage plants formed lesions of 18.0 mm, 13.7 mm and 11.9 mm at diameter, respectively. This demonstrates that the resistance increases in leaves of positions from upper to lower, which is in contrast to most of the reported pathosystems. When pre-infiltrated with 1 mmol/L LaCl3 and 50 μmol/L NaVO3, leaves at different positions exhibited lesions of larger size in comparison with those of the untreated control plants, indicating that the two inhibitors of Ca2+ signaling eliminate the leaf position-associated resistance to S. sclerotiorum in N. benthamiana. Additionally, the expression of genes NbCNGC20, NbCAMTA3 and NbCML1 varied obviously in leaves at different positions, and all of them were increased from upper to lower leaves. Moreover, in NbCML1-silenced plants, all leaves of different positions displayed lesions of larger size, when compared with those of the non-silenced control plants, revealing that the silencing of NbCML1 in N. benthamiana erases the leaf position-associated resistance to S. sclerotiorum. In summary, the data of this study reveal that leaf position significantly affects the resistance of N. benthamiana to S. sclerotiorum. In contrast to most of the reported pathosystems, this resistance is much stronger in lower leaves than in upper ones. Our finding demonstrates that the magnitude trend of leaf position-associated resistance in leaves of various positions is pathosystem-dependent. Furthermore, this study unveils that Ca2+ signaling pathway, including NbCML1, makes great contribution to the leaf position-associated resistance to S. sclerotiorum in N. benthamiana. This finding provides new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the leaf position-associated resistance.

Consolidated bioprocessing （CBP） is a convenient and cost-efficient strategy to produce single cell oils （SCOs） from cellulose-based substrates. In this study， Penicillium P-2 having both effective cellulose degradation and lipid accumulation was isolated from 20 cellulolytic fungi. The SCOs of the strain P-2 were mainly composed of palmitic acid （C16:0， 21.05%）， oleic acid （C18:1， 22.43%） and linoleic acid （C18:2， 27.78%）. Fermentation experiments of the strain P-2 showed that maximum lipid yields of 0.65 g/L and 40.13 mg/g （per gram dry mass of initial solid substrate） could be obtained by submerged fermentation （SmF） from cellulose and solid-state fermentation （SSF） from wheat straw and bran mixture， respectively. The results from the two CBP indicated that the strain P-2 had a potential to be a promising low-cost oil producer using cellulose-based substrates. The further analysis for lipid accumulation and cellulase secretion of the strain P-2 suggested that the cellulase secretion of the strain P-2 might play a key role in the lipid production. The submerged fermentation with exogenous cellulase addition by the strain P-2 demonstrated that the higher exogenous cellulase dosages could lead to higher lipid production and the lipid yield would increase up to 0.83 g/L with the addition of 24 IU/g cellulase. A highly significant positive correlation between the filter paper activity （FPA） and the lipid yield in the strain P-2 was further observed on the data pooled from the SSF parameter treatments （P<0.01）. When the detected FPA in SSF system increased from 1.0 IU/g to 3.5 IU/g， the lipid yield was also increased from 26.24 mg/g to 40.13 mg/g with the increment of 52.93%. All these analyses suggest that the weak cellulase secretion of the strain P-2 is an important cause of the low lipid yield， so the regulation of endogenous cellulase secretion might be a feasible strategy for enhancing lipid production of the strain P-2.

As a kind of seed fiber, cotton fiber was differentiated by epidermal cells of the seed, and was adhered to seed surface. Cotton kernel is rich in fat, protein and other ingredients. However,whether these ingredients affect the differentiation and development of cotton fiber, and subsequently influence the yield and quality has become a hot topic in the related research area recently. It also has a pivotal role in the regulation to cotton production and quality formation． For exploring the function of fatty acid in the developing process of cotton fiber, this study took upland cotton standard system TM-1 as experimental material, to investigate the effect of different kinds of fatty acids on fiber differentiation and development along with fiber length. The experiment was conducted by adding 5.0 μmol/L different kinds of fatty acids respectively （including nutmeg acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, peanut acid, docosanoic acid and wood wax acid,） in the in vitro ovule culture medium. These fatty acids were with varied chain length. The medium without any fatty acid was involved as a control. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） was used to observe the differential and developmental situation of ovule surface after 2 d culture, and the fiber length was measured after 2 weeks. Thereafter, the palmitic acid was selected to study the effect of concentration gradient on fiber development; in other words, different palmitic acid concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0 μmol/L were added into medium to investigate their effects on the differentiation and development of cotton fiber by using SEM and length measurement． The results showed that in the medium with 5.0 μmol/L palmitic acid, ovule epidermal ridges were much more dense and well-distributed than in the control and the other treatments. Almost no ridge was observed in the treatments of stearic acid, oleic acid and docosanoic acid. The fiber length measured in the treatments of palmitic acid （being 1.086 mm） and wood wax acid （being 0.863 mm） was increased by 53.4% and 21.9% compared with the control respectively. However, no significant difference was found between the control and the other treatments. The result also showed that 5.0 μmol/L palmitic acid in the medium was the most optimal concentration to promote the fiber differentiation and development, likewise to facilitate the fiber elongation. According to the results, it is preliminary deduced that the palmitic acid has remarkably positive effects on the cotton fiber differentiation, development and elongation. This consequence provides an evidence to the research of regulating cotton fiber differentiation and development as well as the production and quality formation by altering the composition and/or concentration of cottonseed fatty acid.

Direct-seeding rice is becoming more and more popular because of its simplification， which can effectively reduce the demands of labors for rice production. However， it usually needs larger planting density to achieve high grain yields which easily leads to an oversize rice population， and hence the lodging problem can not be ignored. Many researches have reported the significant influence of nitrogen application and planting density on lodging resistance and grain yield of transplanting rice. But the work on lodging resistance of direct-seeding rice is still less reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer management on lodging resistance and grain yield of direct-seeding hybrid rice with 446A/518 as the experimental material， and the correlations between lodging index and some physical and chemical characteristics of stems or grain yield of rice plants were also analyzed. The results indicated that there were significant influences of seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer management on the physical and chemical characteristics of different internodes， lodging resistance and grain yield of direct-seeding rice. With the increase of seeding rate， the lodging resistance had a certain degree of reduction. When the seeding rate was less than 22.5 kg per hectare， the lodging resistance would reduce with the increase of panicle fertilizer. However， more panicle fertilizer was beneficial to improve the lodging resistance of rice plants when the seeding rate increased from 22.5 to 30.0 kg per hectare. The shorter basal internodes， the smaller cavity area and flat ratio， the larger breaking resistance， and the higher contents of cellulose and lignin of the internodes may play important roles to the higher lodging index. Correlation analysis indicated that not only the physical and chemical characteristics of stems but also grain yield and its components both had close relationships with lodging resistance of direct-seeding rice. In this experiment， grain yield would grow till it reached the highest when the seeding rate increased to 22.5 kg per hectare， and decreased significantly afterwards when the seeding rate was 30 kg per hectare. Besides the simple effect of seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer management， their interaction effect was also significant， and the influences of nitrogen fertilizer management on grain yield and its components were various under the different seeding rates. Under the seeding rate of 15 kg per hectare， the highest grain yield was gained when the ratios of basal∶ tillering∶panicle nitrogen fertilizers was 4∶1∶5， but the fifth internode was easy to lodging. When the seeding rate was 22.5 kg per hectare， the ratios of basal∶tillering∶panicle nitrogen fertilizers were 5∶2∶3 （N1） and 4∶1∶5 （N3） had the higher grain yield， but the N1 management was more resistant to lodging. However， when the seeding rate was 30.0 kg per hectare and the ratio of basal∶tillering∶panicle nitrogen fertilizers was 3∶3∶4 （N2）， all the yield components were gained except for the seeding-setting rate， which might decrease the grain yield significantly. In sum， the relatively high grain yield and a better lodging resistance was gained simultaneously when the seeding rate was 22.5 kg per hectare and the ratio of basal∶tillering∶panicle nitrogen fertilizers was 5∶2∶3， so it is the optimal cultivation measure in this experiment.

Weeds have direct impact on crop quality and yield in agricultural systems. Reasonable weed management should protect or improve the biodiversity of farmland weed communities for a better ecological environment with not only increasing crop yield, but also reducing use of herbicides. Based on the study of weeds community structure and the agronomic characters of maize in the two production patterns, i.e.,“agro-pastoral integration” (hereinafter referred to as API) and conventional maize planting (hereinafter referred to as CK), this paper analyzed the differences of weed species, their functional groups and biodiversity indices before and after grazing. Comparison of maize growth in the two treatments was also drawn in this paper. It was shown that before grazing there were 17 different kinds of weeds in API and 12 in CK, and the total weed density in API was 2.20 times as much as that in CK, showing a significant difference (P<0.05). It was also noted that in API, the abundance distribution of the dominant weed was considerably large. However, after grazing the weed in API and CK reduced by 4 and 6 species and the total weed density of API was 3.44 times as much as that of CK, showing a significant difference (P<0.05) between the two treatments. From the perspective of functional group, both of the treatments were dominated by dicotyledonous angiosperm and annual and biennial (DA) and its abundance further increased after grazing. With regard to productivity of weed community, the biomass in API was 5.42 times as much as that in CK before grazing and 4.79 times after grazing, showing a highly significant difference (P<0.01). In terms of diversity, before grazing the Shannon-Wiener, Margalef and Simpson diversity indices in API were respectively 1.15, 1.25 and 1.08 times as much as those in CK, but the Pielou evenness index was low. After grazing, however, those indexes in API were 1.29, 1.64 and 1.10 times as much as those in CK. Among them, the Shannon-Wiener and Margalef diversity indices between the two treatments were quite different (P<0.05); and the Pielou evenness index in CK was 1.10 times as much as that of API, showing a significant difference (P<0.05). The similarity index of weed community was 0.76 before grazing, and it decreased to 0.23 after grazing. As for the agronomic characteristics of maize, at its silking and maturity stages, the values of plant height, leaf length and width, ear height and stem diameter of maize in API were all higher, but its chlorophyll content in the leaf was low compared with CK. It was also noted that the leaf area in API decreased after grazing. With respect to its yield, though API resulted in a yield reduction of 6.22%, the loss, however, could be compensated or even overcompensated by the producing of geese. In conclusion, API is able to maintain higher weed diversity in the field and at the same time, has slightly impact on the yield of maize.

Catalase (CAT) is a protective enzyme responsible for the degradation of hydrogen peroxide before it damages the cellular components. All aerobic organisms and many anaerobic organisms possess it in virtually. The catalatic reaction takes place in two steps: The first hydrogen peroxide molecule oxidizes the heme to an oxyferryl species in which one oxidation equivalent is removed from the iron and one from the porphyrin ring to generate a porphyrin cation radical; the second hydrogen peroxide is then used as a reductant of compound 1 to regenerate the resting state enzyme, water, and oxygen. But so far the reports about the CAT in tea tree (Camellia sinensis) are not seen so often. In this research, the regulation of CAT activity variation of tea tree was studied. The CAT was extracted from fresh tea leaves with 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 15% polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP). The CAT activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 240 nm. One unit of CAT activity was defined as the activity required to destroy 1 μmol H2O2 at 25 ℃ in 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer for 1 min. The results about the regulations of tea CAT activity variation showed that, different cultivars of tea tree had different CAT activities, especially in summer. And the CAT activity varied when the season changed, and the activity variation tendency was as autumn > summer > spring. The leaves located in the older branch had a higher CAT activity than those in the new branch; the leaves in vigorous growth had a higher CAT activity than the new and old leaves. When spreading for 2 h, the CAT activity of tea leaves increased, as the spreading time became longer, the CAT activity decreased until 100 U/g and hold for a long time. It is concluded that the CAT is one of the key enzymes affected tea tree growth and development. In different growth and development stages, the CAT activity is different in tea tree. The basic regulation is that the CAT activity in tea tree increases under stress but decreases when the stress is extremely severe.

Red bayberry (Myrica rubra (Lour.) Zucc) is one of the major fruits planted in Zhejiang Province, China. It provides an important financial support for the farmers in this area. However, the fungal disease twig dieback severely threats the growth of red bayberry. Once one plant is infected by this disease, it would spread and destroy the whole orchard in three years. Controlling technology on this disease is urgently needed at this area. Paclobutrazol (PP333) is a chemical widely used for plant growth regulation. It causes plant growth shorter, stronger, more branches and better fruiting. It has been widely used on the red bayberry for higher production. However, over-dosage use of the chemical PP333 is suspected to connect with the epidemic of twig dieback in Zhejiang, China. The causal agent of the twig dieback disease was proved to be Pestalotiopsis species. It is postulated that the application of PP333 inhibits some bacteria growth and breaks microbial community balance in the soil, so that the causal agent of twig dieback is predominant. In order to test the hypothesis, we investigated the correlation between application amount of PP333 and disease severity in eight farms in Zhejiang in four years. In the eight farms, we investigated the connection of application dosage of PP333 with the residues of the chemical in leaves, roots and fruits respectively. In different treatments of PP333, leaf colour, root architecture and fruit quality were also investigated. Application of three concentrations of PP333, T1 (200 mg/kg), T2 (300 mg/kg) and T3 (500 mg/kg), resulted in light, moderate and heavy twig dieback disease, respectively. The results showed that over-dosage application of PP333 in successive years caused fruit tree early senility and server diseases infection. In order to cure the infected fruit trees, we applied a new home-made chemical to the infected trees. The results showed that the home-made chemical is quite effective to control the disease. After three years of treatment on the light infected orchard, all the disease infected trees were recovered to be healthy. However, the control orchard without treatment was more seriously infected. The infected trees occupied 74.7% and 21.6% trees died. In the moderate infected orchard, three years of treatment recovered over 90% of infected trees. The untreated control trees get infected to be 100%. In the heavy infected orchard, three years of treatment recovered over 50% of infected trees. As the control, all the untreated trees died in the fourth year. The results showed that the new home-made chemical was very effective to cure the infected trees. Physiological effects of PP333 on Dongkui red bayberry were also investigated. The higher concentration of PP333 (500 mg/kg) caused higher stomatal density and smaller stomatal size. Twig dieback severity was correlated with the amount of PP333 chemical residues in leaves and roots. Application of different amounts of PP333 to the trees had significant different residues of PP333 in leaves and roots. On the light, moderate and heavy infected fruit trees, the content of PP333 in leaves was 13.20, 25.60 and 439.00 μg/kg respectively and the content of PP333 in roots was 1.20, 3.38 and 266.00 μg/kg respectively, but the chemical residuals in fruits were very low. We concluded that over-dosage application of PP333 is the major cause of twig dieback disease predominance on red bayberry. The over-dosage application of PP333 promotes fruit tree early senility, then promotes Pestalotiopsis species infection, then causes twig dieback symptoms and tree dies, and then more Pestalotiopsis species are spread and more trees are infected. It forms a vicious cycle. To control the disease, our patented home-made chemical is effective.

In order to investigate and compare the nutrients of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim seeds from different locations， T. kirilowii seeds were obtained from Changxing （Zhejiang Province）， Anguo （Hebei Province）， Jincheng （Shanxi Province）， and Binzhou （Shandong Province） at the same harvest season. The seeds were shelled， crushed for the analyses of protein， amino acid， lipids， fatty acids， tocopherol and minerals. The results showed that the protein content ranged from 28.68% （Changxing sample） to 40.91% （Anguo sample）. Total amino acid content ranged from 686.9 to 863.3 mg/g protein， and leucine was the abundant essential amino acid （EAA）， while glutamic acid and arginine were two major non-essential amino acids （non-EAA）. The total lipid content ranged from 22.81% in Anguo sample to 49.41% in Changxing sample， and 9c，11t，13c-C18:3 （punicic acid， PA） was the predominant fatty acid （33.09%50.75%）， followed by C18:2n-6 （linoleic acid， LA）， C18:1n-9， C16:0， C18:0， and C14:0. The lipid contents and fatty acid compositions were both varied among different locations. The α-and γ-tocopherol contents of T. kirilowii seeds kernel were also determined， and α-tocopherol ranged from 67.8 μg/g seed kernel mass （SM） in Anguo sample to 350.7 μg/g in Changxing sample. Jincheng sample had the highest content of copper （Cu） （6.01 mg/kg SM）， iron （Fe） （136.94 mg/kg SM） and selenium （Se） （212.29 μg/kg SM）， while Changxing sample had the lowest contents of Fe， Zn and Se， which were 98.18 mg/kg SM， 22.89 mg/kg SM and 35.06 μg/kg SM， respectively. In conclusion， the T. kirilowii seeds are abundant in nutrients， such as lipid， protein， PA， polyunsaturated fatty acid and Se. Location and climate may affect the nutrients and further studies will be needed in this regard. From the data， it is obvious that Anguo sample will be a better choice as a source location of T. kirilowii seeds when using it in functional food.

There are many of green teas with different characteristics in China, and their qualities are often evaluated by sensory evaluation without quantifying chemical compounds. Though sensory characteristics are identified quickly, the contents of compounds are unknown. Determination of chemical compounds is usually used for tea quality evaluation and the results are relatively accurate and objective. But most of the studies focus on analyzing chemical compounds of a single flavor type. Reports about comparison of main compounds in different taste types are rare. So the chemical compounds of different taste types of green tea were quantified and their relationships with the taste quality were analyzed in this study to understand the material basis of formation of different taste types in green tea. Forty-eight typical green teas in seven different taste types were selected from 287 tea samples by sensory evaluation. Thirteen chemical factors including tea polyphenols, amino acids, water extract, and caffeine were determined by standard methods. The relationships between compound contents and the taste quality were analyzed using SPSS (statistic package for social science) 16.0 software, and the tea quality predicting model based on the chemical compounds was established, which can provide certain methods for judgment of tea quality. Furthermore, the degree of correlation between every property and chemical components was carried out. The results indicated that the ester catechins, especially epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) had a great contribution to the astringency. The green tea samples with astringency were of the high contents of water extract, tea polyphenols, ester catechins and EGCG. The green tea samples with strong taste were of high content of water extract. And the green teas with tastes of mellow, sweet and brisk were related to the low content of water extract and high content of amino acids. The factors of total water extracts, EGCG, gallic acid (GA), caffeine and gallocatechin gallate (GCG) showed stronger correlation with tea quality. The equation based on stepwise regression analysis had good predictive ability for the taste quality and total quality, and the right ratios for taste score and total quality score were 79% and 83% respectively. Furthermore, the water extract, EGCG, caffeine, GCG, epicatechin gallate (ECG) and tea polyphenols were well related to the divided taste properties. In conclusion, different kinds of taste characteristics are based on different contents of chemical components in green tea.

Catechins, the main functional components in tea, were generally recognized as possessing desirable biological and physiological effects, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases etc. Therefore, application areas of tea catechins in food and pharmaceuticals were expanding rapidly. At present, conventional extraction technologies of catechins contained hot water extraction method, organic solvent extraction process, resin extraction method and supercritical CO2 extraction method. However, the application value was limited because of the low efficiency, high cost and potentially toxic residues. In order to extract catechins efficiently and safely, the recent studies found that lignocellulose could absorb catechins in abundance and in a low cost. Tea waste was used as a new kind of adsorbent in this paper. Because of the porous structure, it had large specific surface area. Meanwhile, the main components of tea waste were cellulose and protein. They all contained a mass of carboxyl groups and hydroxyl radicals which could form hydrogen bonds with catechins. The tea waste was similar to lignocellulose in structure and it was eatable, safe with no poisonous residue. The experiments were carried out as below. The equations of pseudo-first-order model and pseudo-second-order model were used to simulate the adsorption kinetics respectively. Then, different concentrations of ethanol were used to desorb the tea waste when it reached adsorption saturation. Finally, the same size tea waste was used to pack the chromatography column and the breakthrough curves of catechins and caffeine were drawn, then different concentrations of ethanol were used to elute the column gradely when it reached adsorption equilibrium. The results indicated that the kinetics were more fitted to the pseudo-second-order model (R2=0.913 60.997 1). The order of the secondary adsorption speed constant k2 was epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (0.000 5 g/(mg?min))

It is well documented that, due to the changing nutritional requirements and shifting from endogenous to exogenous feeding, fishes experience evolutionary adaptations in the morphogenesis of their digestive system during early developmental stages. This fact is also reflected in the ontogeny of digestive enzyme patterns. To maintain health and prevent oxidation-induced lesions and mortalities， there must be effective antioxidant systems operating in fish larvae. The components of these systems involve antioxidant compounds and antioxidant enzymes. It is well known and generally acknowledged that many biological and physiological systems are poorly developed in fish larvae. Therefore， a comprehensive analysis of the ontogenic changes occurring during the early life stages of fish is essential for the design of adequate larval rearing and feeding strategies and also for the formulation of dry diets. The overall aims of this study were to understand the characterization of the growth， digestive enzyme and antioxidant enzyme activities in tawny puffer （Takifugu flavidus） during the early development in order to enhance the growth and quality of early life stages by avoiding nutrient and oxidation problems that may cause pathologies and diseases. Total length， body mass， main digestive enzymes and antioxidant enzymes of tawny puffer larvae from 2 to 30 day-old were determined. The relationship between total length or body mass and day-old could be fixed to the linear and exponential functions， respectively. The general correlation equation of total length and body mass was power function under artificial farming conditions， and the growth （in mass） in relation to total length was allometric. Lipase activity was not detected in tawny puffer larvae. The activities of trypsin and pepsin followed a complementary variation pattern. Trypsin activity showed a rapid decrease from 2 to 6 day-old， and reached to the minimum level （109.17 U/mg） at 6 day-old. Meanwhile， pepsin activity increased significantly （P<0.05） and reached to the maximum level （1.09 U/mg） at 6 day-old. Amylase activity reached to the maximum （about 0.30 U/mg） at 2 and 19 day-old respectively， followed by the minimum （0.11 U/mg） at 15 day-old. Alkaline phosphatase had minimum activity （82.01 U/g） at 2 day-old， followed by the maximum （249.55 U/g） at 15 day-old. The activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） showed a similar variation tendency. Both the maximum levels （SOD: 30.99 U/mg, CAT: 646.36 U/g） appeared at 6 day-old. The SOD activity increased gradually from 10 day-old， while the CAT activity showed a wavy change. In conclusion， kinds of digestive and antioxidant enzymes have existed in the body of tawny puffer larvae before the preparation of their food intake， and the activities are closely related to the developmental stage and also are affected by external environment and feeding habit in different degrees.

Pacific white shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamei） is one of the most important commercially cultured aquaculture species around the world. Zhejiang Province represents as one of the main cultured areas in China. In recent years, concurrent with the rapid expanding and intensifying of aquaculture, infectious diseases in Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei have been steadily increasing. Red-body disease is one of the most common and severe diseases of Pacific white shrimp. From 2011 to 2013, recurrent outbreaks of Pacific white shrimp red-body disease occurred in large-scale breeding farms within the main cultured area of Zhejiang Province, which caused severe economic losses to the shrimp culture industry. Affected shrimps showed typical signs of red bodies, irregular black spots, listless swimming on water surface and reduced feed activities, accompanying with mass mortalities. This study was conducted to investigate the bacterial and viral pathogens from 2012—2013 outbreaks and to illuminate their molecular characteristics and antimicrobial sensitivities, which were compared with those from 2011 outbreak. Using Vitek biochemical test, 16S rRNA sequence analysis and virus specific polymerase chain reaction, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus （IHHNV） were simultaneously identified from the diseased Pacific white shrimps of 2012—2013 outbreaks, but except V. parahaemolyticus, IHHNV was not detected from the diseased ones of 2011 outbreak; meanwhile, Taura syndrome virus （TSV） and white spot syndrome virus （WSSV） were not detected from the diseased Pacific white shrimps of 2011—2013 outbreaks. Although V. parahaemolyticus was positive from all outbreaks during three years, these isolates exhibited remarkable genetic diversity by multilocus sequence typing （MLST） based on the concatenated genes dnaE-gyrB-recA-dtdS-pntA-pyrC-tnaA. The isolates from the same year belonged to multiple sequence types （STs）, originated from distinct clones located on separate sub-branches, and the isolates from 2012—2013 outbreaks underwent high level of molecular variation with distinct allelic profiles and STs as compared with from 2011 outbreak. ST414 and ST114 represented dominant STs from 2011 outbreak and 2012—2013 outbreaks, respectively. Novel STs, ST918 （registration No. id-1353） and ST919 （registration No. id-1354）, had been confirmed and deposited in the PubMLST database. All of these isolates from 2011—2013 outbreaks belonged to the pandemic group, which was responsible for the majority of clinical cases since 1996, determined by specific molecular markers, i.e., a unique sequence within the toxRS operon encoding transmembrane proteins involved in the regulation of virulence-associated genes, and VPA1168 within an 16-kb insertion which encoded a hypothetical protein with approximate 80% similarity to the Mn2+ and Fe2+ transporter. Also, these isolates displayed the same virulence-associated gene profile, containing thermolabile hemolysin （encoded by tlh） and type Ⅲ secretion systems 1 （T3SS1） but lacking thermostable direct hemolysin （encoded by tdh）, TDH-related hemolysin （encoded by trh） and type Ⅲ secretion systems 2 （T3SS2）. These results revealed that these isolates were atypical virulent isolates （tdh+ and/or trh+） or atypical pandemic group isolates （mostly tdh+trh-）. Absence of tdh and trh, which had traditionally been thought to be critical for the virulence of Vibrio, did not lead to the reduction of bacterial pathogenicity. Moreover, these isolates also showed elevated level of resistance against antimicrobials, especially aminoglycoside. In conclusion, Pacific white shrimp red-body disease might be caused by multiple infections with bacterial and viral pathogens. It is necessary to develop the surveillance system of pathogens implicated in red-body disease, and to clarify the pathogenic mechanism of polymicrobial infection to establish comprehensive prevention and control schemes.