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| Stability of Specific Business System: Reconstruction of the Legal Interests of Money Laundering Crime Protection |
| Ning Shiqiang |
| Law School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and, Beijing 102249, China |
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Abstract Since self-laundering behavior was included in the crime of money laundering, it is necessary to reassess the legal interests protected by the crime of money laundering. The stability of specific business systems can be considered as a new perspective for the legal interest protected by the crime of money laundering. The 2024 newly revised Anti-Money Laundering Law embodies the concept of “risk-based” in improving the financial system’s ability to prevent the impact of money laundering activities. However, the understanding of the legal interest protected by the crime of money laundering in criminal law theory is insufficient, affecting the effectiveness of anti-money laundering activities.On one hand, the legal interest protected by the crime of money laundering should not include the order of judicial activities. The crime of money laundering and the crime of concealing or disguising the proceeds of crime should be understood as an imaginary concurrence rather than a concurrence of statutes. Self-laundering behavior does not constitute the crime of concealing or disguising the proceeds of crime because it does not infringe on the order of judicial activities. Including the order of judicial activities as a legal interest protected by the crime of money laundering would make the protection scope too broad and unable to address self-laundering phenomena. On the other hand, narrowly defining the legal interest protected by the crime of money laundering as the order of financial management may lead to an overly narrow scope of protection, unable to address money laundering behavior using non-financial systems. Not all money laundering behavior is conducted through financial institutions, making it unable to explain all money laundering situations, and the behavior subject is not limited to those engaged in financial business, making it difficult to use the order of financial management to explain illegal behavior.In contrast, considering the stability of specific business systems as the legal interest protected by the crime of money laundering is more reasonable and can effectively address the risks brought by money laundering behavior, especially for money laundering behavior using non-financial systems, which aligns with the essential characteristics of legal interests. At the same time, determining the legal interest protected by the crime of money laundering as the stability of specific business systems is more consistent with the actual situation of recent legal revisions and judicial practice. The newly revised Anti-Money Laundering Law extends the obligation subjects to specific non-financial industries, and the “Explanation of Money Laundering Cases” lists various money laundering methods of non-financial institutions, all indicating that non-financial systems have become an important field of money laundering behavior. Shifting the legal interest protected by the crime of money laundering to the stability of specific business systems can better adapt to the constantly evolving new financial tools and money laundering methods, improving the adaptability and responsiveness of the law.Regarding the stability of specific business systems, some scholars may raise questions about the difficulty of clearly defining the protection scope of business systems. In practice, the protection scope can be determined comprehensively by considering the scale of the business system, its relevance to the national economy, and its role in the national economy. Overall, with the development of the society, the risk of money laundering has extended from the financial industry to non-financial fields. Shifting the legal interest protected from the order of financial management to the stability of specific business systems helps address and prevent the threat of money laundering to the financial system, enhancing the criminal legal framework for anti-money laundering in China.
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Received: 10 December 2024
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2025, Vol. 55 
