Abstract:The origin and formation of the modern state is one of the most widely discussed topics in contemporary humanities and social sciences across both Chinese and Western academic circles. In the field of French historiography, historians such as Fran?ois Guizot, Gabriel Monod, and Bernard Guenée have successively offered interpretations on the origins of modern France. This paper focuses on the following questions: How have French historians from different eras viewed the origins of the modern French state? What transformations have occurred in the historical narratives concerning this issue?After the French Revolution, romanticist historians like Guizot provided initial interpretations of the origins of the modern French state. They traced the formation and development of the Third Estate, arguing that the modern French state emerged during the High Middle Ages. Their interpretations reflected their inheritance and promotion of the revolutionary spirit. In the late 19th century, positivist historians represented by Ernest Lavisse posited that the modern French state originated in the Late Middle Ages. This perspective emerged against the backdrop of the Franco-Prussian War and exemplified the nationalist characteristics of positivist historiography. In short, from the first half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, French historians’ narratives on the origins of the modern French state underwent a shift from class struggle narratives to nation-state narratives.In the 1960s, the state officially emerged as a subject of study in history, and the origins of the modern state became a topic of great academic interest. This academic phenomenon originated against the backdrop of the global political and social upheavals of the mid-20th century, reflecting the extension and innovation of traditional French political history research in the first half of the 20th century, and mirroring the shift towards social-state studies in the global social sciences at that time. This wave of research into state history, led by scholars such as Bernard Guenée, Philippe Contamine, and Colette Beaune, saw the following research hotspots: First, the history of the state’s monopoly on violence. Second, the history of the formation of bureaucracy. Third, the emergence of national consciousness and the formation of the concept of the state.In the 1980s and 90s, influenced by the postmodern cultural turn, power studies, symbolic studies, and discourse studies began to frequently appear in disciplines such as sociology and anthropology. Concepts originating from cultural studies, such as landscape, field, capital, public sphere, and public opinion, became popular social science terms during this period and inevitably entered the historical field of vision. Historians, represented by Claude Gauvard and Mattéoni began to use the new achievements of social science theory to try to explain the origins of the modern French state in the late Middle Ages from the perspectives of the construction of the modern political field and the monopoly of symbolic violence. In the postmodern era of academic research in the latter half of the 20th century, scholars began to emphasize the symbolic significance of the state. From this perspective, this represents a breakthrough from Guenée’s structuralist historiography and constitutes an important link in lineage of the “cultural turn” in humanities and social science research in the second half of the 20th century.As can be seen from the above, this history of interpreting the origins of the French state, spanning over a century, has yielded a vast amount of academic achievements. How should we approach this academic history? I believe that, firstly, the history of interpreting the question of the origins of the state reflects the deepening interdisciplinary collaboration between history and social sciences, and also demonstrates the efforts of historical research to gradually break free from the influence of political power and gradually achieve scientific legitimacy. For the social sciences, the continuous production and updating of knowledge about the history of the state provides them with diachronic knowledge about humanity and society. This diachronic knowledge not only provides factual evidence for their research but also helps them to constantly reflect on the limitations of existing research paradigms.Secondly, this history of the construction of state knowledge is an excellent example for observing the evolution of history itself. I believe that the problem consciousness, theoretical sources, and evolution of social science trends in historical research are inextricably linked. In the case studies presented in this paper, the emergence of research on the origins of the modern state is closely related to the focus on the state as a phenomenon and the construction of state theory by disciplines such as sociology. The shift in state history research from structuralism to post-structuralism/postmodernism in the late 20th century is also closely linked to the changing academic trends in 20th-century French academia. In fact, this academic shift shares a similar time frame and connotation with those seen in French sociology and anthropology.
高昱. 变动中的国家知识:法国史学界对现代法国国家起源问题的书写与认知变迁[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2026, 56(1): 154-168.
Gao Yu. The Evolving Knowledge of State: The Shifting Perceptions and Writings on the Origins of the Modern French State in French Historiography. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2026, 56(1): 154-168.
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