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浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)  2022, Vol. 52 Issue (4): 130-143    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2021.04.064
主题栏目:中国教育现代化的历史走向与变革 最新目录| 下期目录| 过刊浏览| 高级检索 |
彼岸再现与民族自志:访美学人张其昀及其《旅美见闻录》
张睦楚1,2, 田正平1
1.浙江大学 教育学院,浙江 杭州 310058
2.云南师范大学 教育学部,云南 昆明 650500
Representation of America and the National Awareness: Chang Chi-Yun's Records of Observations in the United States
Zhang Muchu1,2, Tian Zhengping1
1.College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
2.Faculty of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China

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摘要 研究近代留美或赴美群体,各类游美见闻手册是不可或缺的重要历史档案,它们是了解访美学人主体意识的一扇十分重要的窗口,也是访美学人主体发声的重要渠道及意见传播平台。1946年,张其昀根据他在美国期间的见闻,出版了《旅美见闻录》。该书深切地体现出作者在抗战时期对民族国家复兴的所思所感,再现了美国形象。同时,张其昀对其在美生活访学历程的相关探讨,形成了一套基于赴美学人自身价值观的对西方社会文化的认知,也建构了一个访美学人视野中美国访学生活的独特面貌。
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张睦楚
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关键词 彼岸再现民族自志张其昀访美学人《旅美见闻录》    
Abstract:Chang Chi-Yun was not only a prominent Chinese intellectual in geographical and historical research, but also an active educator, administrator and participant in the ideas shaping higher education institutions in China, dedicating the best years of his life to Zhejiang University. From his work in historical education and research, to his formative visits to the United States and his final years as an academic and politician in Chinese Taiwan, all his life he continued to explore the role of academic development in shaping nation-state ethics.Scholarship surrounding Chang Chi-Yun rightly discusses his achievements in the context of his academic career, focusing on three broadly historical phases: (1) his early academic work in geography and history and its relationships to his personal academic network and later political positions; (2) his work as one of a group of core authors in the “post-Xueheng period” expounding on the identity and construction of nation-state ethics; and (3) his representation of the Nanjing Higher Normal School and the history of Chinese nationalities and historiography. However, there is notably little discussion of his two years in the United States in the 1940s, and this paper will show, that this was not only a critical moment in his career, but also a critical node in which Chinese society, educational and national thought underwent a great transition.In February 1943, the Cultural Exchange Office of the U.S. Department of State, through the U.S. Embassy, invited six experts and professors from several famous Chinese universities to visit and lecture in the United States, and Chang Chi-Yun, representing Zhejiang University, was one of them.The travelogue will first show the diversity and richness of his activities in the United States, giving lectures and making speeches, introducing the situation in wartime China to the American people, actively seeking the support and sympathy of international public opinion, but also how these experiences were synthesized into an idealised representation of America from which his thinking on the future of the new Chinese nation-state was built. Like all visiting scholars at that time, he never lost focus on this mission to apply these learnings to shape the fate of his own country. His writing on these study visits was compiled and published by the Commercial Press in 1946 under the name of “Records of Observations in the United States”. Wartime Chinese intellectuals almost universally had a strong sense of urgency and mission in these times of national peril, to take China’s problems to the United States to investigate and study in order to seek a good remedy for saving the country, and often concluded to mix the reality of the United States they see, hear, and visit, with Daoist ideals of a mythical, beautiful country, filtered and reorganized through the experience, perception and understanding of the “contact zone” of limited time and space, and hope to recreate a vision of an ongoing Chinese civilization.Chang Chi-Yun’s mission was especially clear. As a geographer, he combined academic visits with spiritual explorations through the American landscape and its originating philosophers and founding fathers, such as Washington and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Through the analysis of the problems of Western industry and science, observations on the personality and social common will of young Americans, and the talents and culture in the American university model, he clearly made a profound sensory depiction of his experience of studying in the United States, trying to combine academic research with the basic fate of the country and the nation, and answering questions from reality, thus giving birth to the possibility of combining self-academic research with the experience of academic visits in the United States.The image of the United States produced in his writings, the civic structure, and the reproduction of industrialization, profoundly contain endless propositions connecting self-perception, place and landscape, national and collective imagination, educational models and cultural conflicts. We can clearly see that the image of the United States he shows to the readers, combining the fields of industry, water conservancy, aviation, national character, generalist education, while all deeply observed in all dimensions, are nonetheless idealised as a dreamy mythical country, to be practically praised and even envied for its powerful industrial economy and cultural status. What this paper concludes is that this view constitutes an almost blind obedience to the US model and a lack of appropriate calibrations for China’s specific situations. It does not critically analyze the political, economic, cultural, and national defense construction of the United States from a deeper level, but only from a perceptual evaluation after comparing the incompetence of the Chinese National Government with the organic operations of American society. It is thus difficult for his writings to provide feasible and authoritative opinions on China’s national construction project. Of course it is impossible to reproduce the complete true image of the United States, it is an imaginary object that has been extracted and filtered by the author, an “other” being that is “idealized”, “selected”, and “reconstructed”. This highlights the ongoing dilemma of intellectual learning from overseas study visits and the importance of transcending the background of the times.
Key wordsrepresentation of the other world    national awareness    Chang Chi-yun    Chinese scholars in the United States    Records of Observations in the United States   
收稿日期: 2021-04-06     
基金资助:国家社科基金资助项目(XOA180295);中国博士后科学基金第66批面上资助项目(2019M662094);浙江省博士后项目择优资助项目(222485/一等资助)
作者简介: 张睦楚(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2552-8306),女,浙江大学教育学院博士后研究人员,云南师范大学教育学部副教授,主要从事中西文化交流史、教育史研究、比较高等教育研究;;田正平(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5960-6870),男,浙江大学教育学院教授,博士生导师,主要从事中国教育史、中外教育交流史研;
引用本文:   
张睦楚, 田正平. 彼岸再现与民族自志:访美学人张其昀及其《旅美见闻录》[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2022, 52(4): 130-143. Zhang Muchu, Tian Zhengping. Representation of America and the National Awareness: Chang Chi-Yun's Records of Observations in the United States. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2022, 52(4): 130-143.
链接本文:  
https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2021.04.064     或     https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/Y2022/V52/I4/130
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