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宁波话“昨天、今天、明天”系列词探源
汪维辉
On the Origins of Words Denoting Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow in Ningbo Dialect
Wang Weihui

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摘要 宁波话“昨天、今天、明天”系列词的中心成分有“日”系和“朝”系两类,“朝”系只有一个“明朝”和半个“今朝”,其余都是“日”系。总体而言宁波话的这组时间词是很古老的,“日”系来自上古汉语,“朝”系来自六朝。“日”系有音变形式“末”,是早期“今日”的语流音变造成的,这种现象也见于晋西南、鲁西南、广东珠三角等地的一些方言,但在吴语区,这是甬江小片所独有的特征词;“末”同时也类推到“上末(子)”甚至“前末(子)”,这在其他方言则比较少见。“后天”是这组时间词中最稳定少变的一个,其他成员都有或多或少的变化,变化的动因有语流音变、语言接触、俗词源和类推等。研究方言词汇史虽然可以运用历史比较法大致确定各个词汇形式的先后,但由于往往没有历史文献可以印证,通常无法确定其具体年代。
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汪维辉
Abstract:There are altogether nine words denoting days with ″today″ as the reference point in Ningbo dialect: ″dadaqianri / toutouqianri(大大前日/头头前日)″, ″daqianri / touqianri(大前日/头前日)″, ″qianri ( zi ) / qianmo ( zi ) (前日(子)/前末(子))″, ″shangmo ( zi ) / zuomo ( zi ) / shangri ( zi ) / zuori ( zi ) (上末(子)、昨末(子)/上日(子)、昨日(子))″, ″jimo ( zi ) / jinzhao ( zi )( 即末(子)/今朝(子))″, ″mingzhao ( zi )( 明朝(子))″, ″houri ( zi )( 后日(子))″, ″dahouri / touhouri(大后日/头后日)″, and ″dadahouri / toutouhouri(大大后日/头头后日)″. These words fall into two groups of ″ri″ (日, the Sun) group and ″zhao″ (朝, morning) group according to different core morphemes: ″zhao″ group including only ″mingzhao″ (明朝, tomorrow) and a semi ″jinzhao″ (今朝, today) while ″ri″ group including the rest. In general these words are ancient with ″ri″ group dating from archaic Chinese and ″zhao″ group from the Six Dynasties. In ″ri″ group there is a variation ″m??″ as a result of sandhi of an early ″kim?ie? (今日, today)″:?iem??ie? → ?iem?mie? → ?ie??mie?, which is even earlier than the change of ″-m→-n/-?″ in ″jin(今)″ ,but the exact time is difficult to date. This variation can also be detected in dialects in southwest Shanxi, southwest Shandong and the Pearl River Delta while in Wu dialect it exists only in the Yongjiang area and the distribution diversity indicates that the variation is possibly a result of individual changes instead of language contact. ″M??″ is also in ″z??m?? (?i)″ (上日(子), yesterday) and even in ″?im?? (?i)″ (前日(子), the day before yesterday) by analogy, which is rarely seen in other dialects. It is difficult to find when ″jimo ( zi )″ , ″shangmo ( zi )″ and ″qianmo ( zi )″ came into being and ″qianmo ( zi )″ seems to appear in the recent 90 years for it is not documented in Chao (1928). ″Jinzhao″ can be found in northern Wu(吴) dialect and has an influence on Ningbo dialect. In the early missionary literature both ″jinzhao″ and ″jinri″ are in use and it is also documented in Chao (1928). On the other hand, ″jinzhao″ has not taken the place of ″jimo″ in Ningbo dialect, which indicates that the word denoting ″today″ is steadier than the word denoting ″tomorrow″. For the word denoting ″tomorrow″, ″mingri″ is used in early Ningbo dialect; ″mingzhao″ in use nowadays is obviously a loanword from the northern areas. Compared to the words that have undergone changes due to sandhi ( ″jinri″ ), language contact ( ″mingzhao″, ″jinzhao″ ), effects of folk etymology ( ″shangri″, ″touqianri″ ) and analogy of other forms ( ″shangri″, ″qianri″, ″touhouri″), the word meaning ″the day after tomorrow″ ″????ie? (后日)″ is of the least change. In research of the history of dialect lexicon, the chronological order of words can be revealed through historical-comparative method, but the exact time is difficult to date due to the lack of accurate proof in ancient literature.
    
引用本文:   
汪维辉. 宁波话“昨天、今天、明天”系列词探源[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2018, 4(5): 45-52. Wang Weihui. On the Origins of Words Denoting Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow in Ningbo Dialect. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2018, 4(5): 45-52.
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