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浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)  2013, Vol. 43 Issue (3): 53-61    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.2012.10.291
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说谎者类型悖论的自然破解----基于布里丹的语义封闭逻辑
胡龙彪
A Natural Solution to Liartype Paradoxes Based on Buridans Semantically Closed Logic
Hu Longbiao

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摘要 

布里丹基于指号的语义封闭理论认为,任何命题都必须以指号的方式存在,任何以指号方式存在的命题都有两种意谓,即心灵之内的意谓和心灵之外的意谓。但仅仅通过命题的意谓不能决定其真值条件,必须考虑相关的指代;而命题的真值条件由命题中各词项的联合指代决定。以此为基础,并借助纯粹的自然语言,布里丹为说谎者类型悖论的破解提供了一种具有逻辑一致性的自然破解方案。这一方案无须对对象语言与元语言进行明确区分,而仅仅需要对以自然语言表达的悖论语句进行常规的逻辑分析,这种分析方法更贴近人们的日常思维模式。

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胡龙彪
关键词 布里丹基于指号语义封闭意谓联合指代说谎者类型悖论    
Abstract

As a nominalist, Buridan insisted that there is no place for universal things in his nominalist ontology and logic. Every thing in the world is singular; and everything that exists is numerically one and undivided. Indeed, a genus in this way is also one singular term, insofar as it exists just as singularly in my understanding or yours, or in my voice or yours. This nominalist ontology entails that any proposition should be existent by token, whatever they are spoken tokens or written tokens. If the tokens disappear, all the corresponding terms or propositions will disappear, and any proposition that consists of such tokens will be false. However, the existence of proposition token is not the truth carrier for a proposition, neither does the signification of a proposition decide its truth conditions. Any proposition token has two types of significations classified into intramental signification and extramental signification. But the intramental signification obviously does not provide the condition for the truth since its presence is just the precondition of the meaningfulness of the corresponding spoken proposition, and neither does the extramental signification can serve to determine the truth conditions, for the contradictory propositions, having the same categorematic terms, always have the same extramental signification (the syncategorematic terms cannot have extramental signification by themselves). Therefore, it is not sufficient to deal with significations in assigning the truth conditions of a proposition, we have to take into account the suppositions concerned, namely, the cosuppositting of the terms of a proposition from which we can assign the truth conditions of a proposition in terms of the cosupposition (or noncosupposition) of its categorematic terms. According to such semantics, Buridan can consistently handle Liartype paradoxes that are undoubtedly semantically closed sentences. To be sure, Buridans theory of semantics takes the correspondent token of a proposition with reality as a necessary, but not sufficient condition for its truth; the extra conditions he requires are the existence of the proposition we evaluate and the satisfaction of its ″virtual implication,″ i.e., basically, that our proposition in question would fall within the actual extension of a truthpredicate (is true) in a proposition that states its truth, if such a proposition were to be formed. Based on this, given the classic Liartype paradox ″What I am saying is a lie,″ we get: ″What I am saying (A) is a lie″ is true, if and only if  (a) this proposition token exists, as it obviously does since I have typed it here;  (b) its terms cosupposit (obviously, the intended reference of the subject (A) here is this token itself, and the intended import of the predicate is that this token is not true), i.e., ″A is false″ cosupposit;  (c) and that if A refers to this token, and this is obviously not problematic since this is a semantically closed sentence, then the terms of the proposition ″A is true″ cosupposit.  However, (b) and (c) cannot be satisfied together, so the original token cannot be true. Therefore, there is no paradox, the evaluation coherently deems the original token not to be true, but to be simply false. Actually, Buridans token based and semantically closed logic which focuses on the virtual implication of a proposition can serve as a general apparatus or device to avoid Liartype paradox. When the terms of an affirmative proposition can cosupposit in a possible situation without placing the proposition itself among what the term ″false″ supposit, Buridan can be sure that the proposition in that situation is true, provided its tokens exists in that situation. By contrast, when the cosupposition of its terms places the proposition itself among what the term ″false″ supposit, Buridan can also be sure that its virtually implied proposition cannot be true, and hence the original proposition cannot be true either. This procedure is entirely effective to resolve any Liartype paradox.  Definitely, Buridans solution to the Liartype paradoxes is totally natural. That is to say, he can consistently handle Liartype paradoxes in a semantically closed language without the Tarskian distinction of object language and metalanguage, he merely appealed to the natural language with purely natural analysis that is close to the regular thinking methods of common people.

Key wordsJohn Buridan    token-based    semantically closed    signify    co-supposit    liar-type paradox   
    
引用本文:   
胡龙彪. 说谎者类型悖论的自然破解----基于布里丹的语义封闭逻辑[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2013, 43(3): 53-61. Hu Longbiao. A Natural Solution to Liartype Paradoxes Based on Buridans Semantically Closed Logic. , 2013, 43(3): 53-61.
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https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.2012.10.291     或     https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/Y2013/V43/I3/53
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