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Pathogenic mechanisms and control strategies of Botrytis cinerea causing post-harvest decay in fruits and vegetables
Li Hua, Chen Yong, Zhang Zhanquan, Li Boqiang, Qin Guozheng, and Tian Shiping
Food Qual Safet, 2018, 2(3): 111-119.
https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyy016
Botrytis cinerea is a significant necrotrophic plant pathogen causing devastating diseases on more than 500 plant species, especially on fresh fruits and vegetables, resulting in the economic losses ranging from $10 billion to $100 billion worldwide. This fungal pathogen invades nearly all parts of plants including stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds at both pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Due to its wide host range and the huge economic losses that it causes, extensive investigations have been carried out to effectively control this plant pathogen. It is beneficial for exploring the pathogenic mechanisms of B. cinerea to provide fundamental basis for control strategies. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in understanding these pathogenic genes and regulatory pathways, as well as the control strategies of B. cinerea. Here, the current knowledge will be summarized in this review.
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Fraud investigation in commercial coffee by chromatography
Víctor de Carvalho Martins, Ronoel Luiz de Oliveira Godoy, Ana Cristina Miranda Senna Gouvêa, Manuela Cristina Pessanha de Araujo Santiago, Renata Galhardo Borguini, Elaine Cristina de Oliveira Braga, Sidney Pacheco, Luzimar da Silva de Mattos do Nascimento
Food Qual Safet, 2018, 2(3): 121-133.
https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyy017
Coffee is currently the second largest commodity on the world market today, and there is great concern about the quality of the beans exported from producer countries to Europe and USA. Practices such as using blends of different species and adding low-cost raw materials, such as chicory, corn, and soybean, impair the sensory and functional characteristics of the drink made from roasted and ground coffee beans. There is a need to adopt more efficient analytical methods than the microscopy technique currently used. The first chromatographic method used to determine fraud was reported in 1958. This method used paper chromatography to differentiate between coffee and chicory based on the free reducing sugars. As of the 1980s, different methods involving high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography were developed in order to demonstrate geographic authenticity, distinction between species, occurrence of adulteration, and the presence of defective beans by determining the monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, tocopherols, fatty acids, volatiles, diterpenes, sterols, and phenolic substances, among others. As far as the authors know, there are no papers published in the literature that have compiled such an extensive set of information about these chromatographic methods as here. Over the last 2 years, there has been a trend to develop analytical methods for ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to confirm fraud in coffee, due to high sensitivity and selectivity.
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Improving milk safety at farm-level in an intensive dairy production system: relevance to smallholder dairy producers
Habtamu Lemma D., Ashenafi Mengistu, Taddese Kuma, and Berhanu Kuma
Food Qual Safet, 2018, 2(3): 135-143.
https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyy009
Objective: This paper discusses methods for improving milk safety in smallholder dairying. Methodology: Analyzing best practices/experiences of selected countries and Ethiopian dairy farming as a case study (household survey and milk testing). Results: The coliform count was slightly higher than European standard. The value of total bacterial count found was higher than the standard of bacteriological quality of milk. Somatic Cell count is slightly higher than US standard, but it is in the range of the EU standard. Moreover, there were other associated challenges facing dairy farmers, including shortage of feed concentrate and water, milk marketing, health of dairy stock, and manure management. Some better practices were also observed including literacy and dairying experience of smallholder dairy producinghouseholds. Despite this, increased availability of some dairy stakeholders and their efforts would also be an added advantage. The efforts of private veterinarians to engage in provision of drugs and on-call home-treatment for stall-fed cows were good, but this needs to be complemented with laboratory based-diagnostic/clinical and advisory services prevent diseases. Conclusion: Improvement of milk safety can be achieved through good management practices by dairy farmers, market incentives, and increased efforts of various stakeholders and the adoption of best practices. In this regard, a coordinated action involving all stakeholders is needed to implement preventative/control measures, quality management strategies, and appropriate regulation while supporting and building capacity of smallholder dairy producers to minimize risks associated with milk production.
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Effect of drying technologies on the biochemical properties of Stolephorus commersonnii
Jamila Patterson, Saritha Kailasam, Hermina Giftson and Jeyasanta K. Immaculate
Food Qual Safet, 2018, 2(3): 153-158.
https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyy010
Objectives: Two different methods, namely traditional sundrying and solar dryer drying were employed to investigate the effect of drying method on the quality of Indian anchovies, Stolephorus commersonnii. Materials and Methods: Fifty fish samples of Stolephorus commersonnii were purchased for the drying study. Traditionally dried fishes were bought from the local market. For solar drying the samples were kept in on the solar cabinet dryer KSD 25 designed and fabricated by the Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT). International standard AOAC methods were used for quality analysis of dried fish samples. Results: The method of drying by the solar dryer is more hygienic and faster than the traditional sun-drying method. The biochemical compositions and sensory evaluation of the products obtained showed significant variation between the two drying methods. Solar dryer–dried fish has got good organoleptic score than the traditional sundried fish. The overall quality of fish dried in the solar dryer was better than the traditionally sundried fish. Conclusions: The study clearly indicates that solar drying can be used as an environment-friendly method for fish processing which enhances food security.
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Effects of silver bio-nanoparticle treatment on the wet preservation, technological, and chemical qualities of meat
Sogbetun Wasiu Oluwatofarati, Raji Akeem Olayemi and Akinoso Rahman
Food Qual Safet, 2018, 2(3): 159-164.
https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyy014
Background/Objective: Nanotechnology is a recent technology, but its application to meat preservation is limited. Materials and Methods: The silver bio-nanoparticle was sythensized from the extract of pawpaw and 1 mM solution of silver nitrate using standard method. Meat samples were treated with solutions containing 10%–20% silver bio-nanoparticle suspension and were kept for 2, 4 and 6 h. Protein, crude fat, ash, weight loss, water loss, solid gain, absorbed silver ion, bacterial count and sensory characteristics were determined using standard methods. Results: The protein, crude fat, ash, weight loss, water loss, solid gain, absorbed silver ion and total plate count varied from 21.63%–30.89%, 3.71%–4.21%, 1.55%–3.98%, 0.04 to 0.25 g, 0.42–0.84, 0.38–0.62, 18.00–48.42 μg/mL and 2.74 × 105–1.39 × 1011 cfu/g respectively. The results showed that qualities of meat were positively affected by silver bionanoparticle treatment. Conclusion: Meat treated with10% of silver bio-nanoparticle concentration for 4 h had the best quality.
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Comparison of FT-NIR and NIR for evaluation of phyisco-chemical properties of stored wheat grains
Pooja Pandey, Shubhangi Srivastava, Hari Niwas Mishra
Food Qual Safet, 2018, 2(3): 165-172.
https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyy015
Objectives Storage studies were carried out in wheat grains with different moisture contents, level of infestation, and storage days. Material and Methods Wheat grain samples were infested with Rhyzopertha dominica and stored for up to 90 days under ambient conditions. Every 45 days, samples of wheat were collected and evaluated for protein, fat, ash, 1000 kernel weight, and hardness. Results The physicochemical parameters, namely, protein, 1000 kernel weight, and hardness decreased while fat and ash content increased with the storage. Methodology for identification of infested samples was developed in Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) and near infrared (NIR) using infested wheat and control samples. The linear regression plots for different quality parameters gave an R2 value of 82.04% and 97.15% via FT-NIR and 81.61% and 98.07% via NIR. The RMSEP values by NIR were in the range of 0.03 to 0.7, whereas the RMSECV values of FT-NIR were in the range of 0.03 to 1.2. Conclusions Both the models performed well for the cross validation studies; hence, they can be used in future for the rapid assessment of storage quality of wheat grains.
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7 articles
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