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| Exposure of Kenyan population to aflatoxins in foods with special reference to Nandi and Makueni counties |
| E. K. Kang’ethe*, M. Gatwiri*,**, A. J. Sirma*,***, E. O. Ouko*,***, C. K. Mburugu-Musoti*,**, P. M. Kitala*, G. J. Nduhiu*, J. G. Nderitu*, J. K. Mungatu**, V. Hietaniemi****, V. Joutsjoki****, H. J. Korhonen**** |
| *Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nairobi, Kenya, **Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya, ***Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, Veterinary Laboratories Kabete, Private Bag Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya and **** Natural Resources Institute Finland, LUKE, Jokioinen, Finland |
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Abstract Aflatoxins cause acute and chronic health and production effects in humans and animals, respectively. This study reports on the exposure of the Kenyan population to the two mycotoxins in two counties (Nandi and Makueni) using children younger than 5 years as the proxy. A questionnaire was administered, which captured knowledge of the incidences of acute aflatoxin poisoning, food consumption patterns. Analysis of aflatoxin in samples of urine, breast milk, maize, sorghum, and millet was done using cELISA and HPLC. Maize and sorghum are used in the weaning formula of children. The difference in consumption of maize- and sorghum-based diets in children between younger than 1 and between 1 and 5 years was significant with P = 0.037 and P = 0.002, respectively, in Nandi and Makueni. In children younger than 5 years, the consumption of maize ranged from 0.1 to 0.25 kg per person per day in Nandi and Makueni with an aflatoxin exposure rate of 0.011 and 0.49 μg per kg body weight (bwt) per day, respectively. The exposure to aflatoxin through milk for children younger than 5 years was 4 × 10-4 and 1 × 10-4 μg per kg bwt per day in Makueni and Nandi, respectively. The exposure of nursing children through breast milk was 6 × 10-3 and 1 × 10-6 μg per kg bwt per day in Makueni and Nandi, respectively. Children younger than 30 months in Makueni had 1.4 times higher levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in urine than those of the same age in Nandi. The stunting and severe stunting rates in Makueni and Nandi were 28.7%, 18.5% and 30.7%, 16.5%, respectively. Thus, there is need for urgent mitigation measures, a constant surveillance program, strict regulations, and awareness creation directed at poor households to reduce dietary exposure to mycotoxins.
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Received: 19 February 2017
Published: 06 July 2017
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Corresponding Authors:
E.K.Kang'ethe, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Box 29053 – 00625 Nairobi,
Kenya, E-mail: mburiajudith@gmail.com
E-mail: mburiajudith@gmail.com
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Cite this article:
E. K. Kang’ethe, M. Gatwiri, A. J. Sirma, E. O. Ouko, C. K. Mburugu-Musoti, P. M. Kitala, G. J. Nduhiu, J. G. Nderitu, J. K. Mungatu, V. Hietaniemi, V. Joutsjoki, H. J. Korhonen. Exposure of Kenyan population to aflatoxins in foods with special reference to Nandi and Makueni counties. Food Qual Safet, 2017, 1(2): 131-138.
URL:
http://www.zjujournals.com/fqs/10.1093/fqs/fyx011 OR http://www.zjujournals.com/fqs/Y2017/V1/I2/131
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食品中黄曲霉毒素在肯尼亚尤其楠迪和马库埃尼郡人口中的爆发
黄曲霉毒素会引起人类和动物的急性和慢性疾病。本研究报告了两种真菌毒素在肯尼亚楠迪郡和马库埃尼郡5岁以下儿童人群中的爆发情况。调查问卷内容涉及了黄曲霉毒素急性中毒事件及食物消费模式的相关信息。通过cELISA和HPLC技术对尿液、母乳、玉米、高粱及小米样品中的黄曲霉毒素进行检测分析。玉米和高粱用于儿童的断奶配方中。在楠迪郡和马库埃尼郡，1岁以下和1?5岁儿童的玉米和高粱膳食的消费差异分别是P = 0.037，P = 0.002。在楠迪郡和马库埃尼郡5岁以下的儿童中，每人每天玉米的消费量0.1至0.25公斤，黄曲霉毒素爆发率为0.011和0.49μg/ kg体重（bwt）/天。对于5岁以下的儿童，黄曲霉毒素通过牛奶爆发大约是每天分别4×10 -4和1×10 -4μg/ kg bwt /天。哺乳期通过母乳接触大约分别是6×10 -3和1×10 -6μg/ kg bwt /天。马库埃尼郡30个月以下的儿童尿液中黄曲霉毒素含量水平高于楠迪郡同龄的1.4倍。在楠迪郡和马库埃尼郡的发育迟缓和严重发育迟缓率分别为28.7％、18.5％和30.7％、16.5％。因此，需要采取紧急的缓解措施，不断更新监督方案，严格的规定和提高贫困家庭的相关警惕意识，以减少饮食中真菌毒素的爆发。
关键词：
黄曲霉毒素,
污染,
爆发,
肯尼亚
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