Peroxisomes are multifunctional organelles that are ubiquitous in eukaryotes. In plants, peroxisomes have very diverse functions in primary and secondary metabolisms and play important roles in plant growth and development as well as in stress response. Therefore, the study of plant peroxisomes is of great significance for improving crop yield, quality and stress resistance. The metabolic functions of peroxisomes depend on peroxisome-localized proteins, including various enzymes and membrane proteins responsible for substance transport; thus revealing the protein composition of peroxisomes is beneficial for understanding their metabolic functions. This paper summarized the main metabolic functions of plant peroxisomes and the proteomic studies of plant peroxisomes. Furthermore, we concluded with an outlook on future research directions related to plant peroxisomes and their relationship with agriculture.

With the development of large-scale and intensive pig farming, production management models such as weaning, mixing groups, and restrictive barriers have induced fear, anxiety, depression, and other stress responses in pig herds, significantly impacting production efficiency. Therefore, studying the genetic basis of pig mental health traits and conducting genetic improvement have significant implications for enhancing the production efficiency and economic benefits of the pig farming industry. This paper focused primarily on three aspects: stress responses and behavioral manifestations of pigs, exploration of the genetic basis of pig mental health traits, and the role of pigs as model animals for mental health research in medicine. This review summarized the potential stress responses and behavioral issues that may arise in pigs under intensive production management, evaluated indicators and methods for assessing pig mental health, and discussed genes reported to be associated with pig behaviors and stress responses. The current understanding of the genetic basis of pig mental health traits remains limited and requires further in-depth research for advancements in this field. Moreover, pigs as model animals hold significant potential for research into mental illnesses. In the future, leveraging pigs as a model system can facilitate a deeper exploration on the pathogenesis and treatment methods of human mental disorders.

Thiolated arsenic is a new type of arsenic compounds in which O, —OH or —CH₃ are replaced by S or —SH in the structure of arsenic material. It has been found to be ubiquitous in flooded sulfur-containing soils, threatening soil health and food safety. With the advancement of analytical methods, new progress has been made in the study of the distribution and environmental behaviors of thiolated arsenic in soil-water environment and plant system. This paper reviewed the related research progress in recent years from the following four aspects: 1) chemical species and analytical methods of thiolated arsenic; 2) biogeochemical behaviors of thiolated arsenic in soil-water environment; 3) migration, transformation, and accumulation of thiolated arsenic in soil-water environment and plant system; 4) accumulation and health risks of thiolated arsenic in rice grains. This review emphasized the changes in the species and content of thiolated arsenic during environmental processes. Furthermore, the development trend of thiolated arsenic was prospected.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease that is influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment and gut microbiota. In recent years, with the gradual deepening of IBD understanding, it has been discovered that changes in the gut microenvironment may play indispensable roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD. A large number of studies have shown that controlling diet may affect the gut microen-vironment, such as the composition of the gut microbiota. Therefore, the idea of alleviating IBD by diet regulating gut microbiota has become a promising new therapeutic strategy. This paper reviews the effects of different diet patterns and dietary components on the gut microbiota of IBD patients, analyzes the regulatory mechanism of diet intervention on the gut microbiota of IBD patients, and looks forward to the feasibility of preventing or improving IBD through dietary regulation.

Following sperm-egg fusion, animal embryos undergo severe epigenetic reprogramming during the early development, encompassing DNA methylation, histone modification, as well as chromatin remodeling, to ensure that highly differentiated gametes form totipotent embryonic cells upon fertilization. Reprogramming is intimately connected to each stage of early embryonic development, and numerous regulatory factors are involved, such as acetyltransferases, deacetylases and histone modification readers, which participate in the regulation of histone acetylation and serve crucial functions. This review summarizes the roles of histone acetylation regulatory factors in the early embryonic development of animals, discusses epigenetic phenomena and mechanisms during the early embryonic development, contributes to a better understanding of the developmental mechanisms of mammalian early embryos, reduces embryonic developmental defects, and enhances livestock fertility.

Cold injury in early spring is one of the main harmful factors affecting the production of spring tea. It is of practical significance to improve the cold resistance and early fresh leaf yield of tea plants by foliar fertilization. In this work, field experiments were conducted to study the effects of foliar spraying with amino acids (AA1, AA2), potassium (K1, K2) and their mixed solution (AA-K1, AA-K2) on the yield and quality of Anji white tea. The results showed that compared with spraying water (CK treatment), foliar spraying with the mixed solution of amino acids and potassium (AA-K1 and AA-K2 treatments) significantly increased the early fresh leaf yield and total yield of Anji white tea (P＜0.05). By observing the ultrastructures of chloroplasts, it was found that the starch granule size in leaves treated with AA-K1 enlarged significantly during the regreening period. The K1 and K2 treatments obviously increased the total chlorophyll content in the leaves of Anji white tea during the pre-albino period and the regreening period, whereas the K2 treatment obviously increased the carotenoid content in the leaves during the pre-albino period, the albino period and the regreening period. The soluble sugar contents of the K2 and AA-K1 treatments were not significantly different, but both were significantly higher than those of the other treatments (P＜0.05). Compared with the CK treatment, the mixed solution of amino acids and potassium (AA-K1 and AA-K2 treatments) increased the total amount of amino acids in the young leaves and significantly increased the catechin content, but the caffeine content was not significantly different. In summary, foliar spraying with the mixed solution of amino acids and potassium (AA-K1 and AA-K2 treatments) can clearly improve the yield of early fresh leaves and improve the young leaf quality of Anji white tea, which has practical reference values for the development of water-soluble fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and amino acids.

Terpenoids are one of the main components of floral fragrance, and terpenoid synthase (TPS) plays a key role in the synthesis of terpenoids. In this study, 26 full-length TPS genes were identified using bioinformatics methods, and their molecular evolution, gene structure, and expression patterns were analyzed. The results revealed that the TPS genes of Eustoma grandiflorum could be classified into five subfamilies (TPS-a, TPS-b, TPS-g, TPS-e, and TPS-f), which were further divided into 10 smaller clades. Among these clades, only the TPS-a.1 clade exhibited amplification, while most of the other clades presented gene loss. Collinearity analysis of genes demonstrated that five collinear gene pairs were formed through two recent whole genome duplication events in E. grandiflorum, and most of the TPS genes were lost, further supporting the conclusion that most TPS genes in E. grandiflorum have been lost. Transcriptome expression analysis showed that only EgTPS-g1, EgTPS-g2, and EgTPS-g3 were expressed in the early stages of petal development, and TPS-a and TPS-b subfamily members were not expressed in the petals of E. grandiflorum, likely contributing to the lack of floral fragrance. Future research should focus on TPS-a and TPS-b subfamily members and restore the expression of these subfamily genes, which are expected to give the floral fragrance to E. grandiflorum and thus improve its ornamental value.

The fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum ZJPL08 presents strong pathogenicity against citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), so the development of a biocontrol agent based on this fungus is of great significance for the prevention and control of D. citri. In this study, P. lilacinum ZJPL08 was used as the active ingredient to screen carriers, wetting agents, and ultraviolet (UV) protectants. The results showed that the optimum formulation for P. lilacinum ZJPL08 wettable powder (WP) was as follows: 10.00% conidial spore powder of ZJPL08 (active ingredient), 3.00% sodium dodecyl sulfate (wetting agent), 5.00% sodium lignosulfonate (dispersant), 0.25% humic acid (UV protectant), 0.10% CaCl₂ (promoter of spore germination), 0.05% xanthan gum (adhesive), and 81.60% diatomite (carrier). Under these conditions, the P. lilacinum ZJPL08 WP achieved a spore concentration of 3.25×10¹⁰ spores/g, a suspension rate of 85.67%, a wetting time of 86.22 s, a fineness of 95.39% powder passing through a 300 mesh sieve and a pH value of 6.65; all the indexes met the requirements of national pesticide formulation products. The semi-field control efficiency test results showed that the 1 500-fold dilution of P. lilacinum ZJPL08 WP could effectively control D. citri, with a control efficiency of 97.78%, which was not significantly different from the 1 000-fold dilution of the control insecticide, 30% thiamethoxam WP (100% control efficiency), but was significantly greater than the 1 500-fold dilution of 1.80% avemectin emulsion (78.33% control efficiency). In conclusion, the P. lilacinum ZJPL08 WP developed in this study presented excellent control efficiency for D. citri, which probably has important application prospects in replacing chemical pesticides.

Phyllosphere microorganisms play important roles in promoting plant growth and resisting biotic and abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge on the phyllosphere microbial community structure and function of environment-specific plants, especially heavy metal-hyperaccumulating plants. In the present study, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was used to explore the phyllosphere microbial community structure and function of the cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE) and non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE) of Sedum alfredii grown in red soil, purple soil, paddy soil and purplish clayey soil. The results showed that in purplish clayey soil and paddy soil, the relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Nocardia microorganisms in the phyllosphere of S. alfredii were higher than those in red soil and purple soil, whereas the relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi microorganisms in the phyllosphere of S. alfredii grown in red soil and purple soil were higher than those in purplish clayey soil and paddy soil. In different soils, the relative abundances of Nocardia, Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium microorganisms in HE were higher than those in NHE. The soil type and ecotype significantly affected the phyllosphere microbial community structure of S. alfredii, and the soil type was the greatest contributor, accounting for 28.17% of the variation. The co-occurrence networks of the phyllosphere microorganisms of S. alfredii grown in paddy soil and red soil were more complex than those in purplish clayey soil and purple soil. Moreover, compared with those in NHE, the co-occurrence networks in HE were more complex in all the soils. PICRUSt2-based functional prediction analysis showed that the soil type significantly affected the relative abundances of glutathione metabolism, D-glutamine and glutamate metabolism, and bacterial chemotaxis pathways in the phyllosphere microorganisms of S. alfredii (p＜0.01), whereas in different soils, the relative abundances of carbohydrate metabolism (citrate cycle) and amino acid metabolism (glutathione metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism) pathways in the phyllosphere microorganisms of HE were significantly higher than those in NHE (p＜0.01). Taken together, the soil type significantly affects the structure and function of the phyllosphere microbial community of S. alfredii, and the phyllosphere microorganisms in HE are more resistant to Cd stress than those in NHE.

Sustainable straw utilization is an important measure for accelerating the green and low-carbon development of agriculture. However, there is relatively little research on the comprehensive impact of straw returning on soil ecological health from the perspectives of microbial communities and functions within the framework of soil “One Health”. To address this gap, soil samples were collected from paddy fields in Ningbo City of Zhejiang Province, where straw has been returned for a long time (5 years or more), and high-throughput metagenomic sequencing was performed to understand the effects of straw returning on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), methane-cycling genes (MCGs), nitrogen-cycling genes (NCGs), virulence factor genes (VFGs), and their host taxa. The results showed that long-term straw returning affected the diversity of ARGs, MCGs, NCGs, and VFGs in the soil, with significantly decreased richness of NCGs and VFGs, as well as nitrogen-cycling taxa. Long-term straw returning also reduced the abundance of the key methanogenesis genes mcrA, B, C, and G and the methanogenesis taxon Methanosarcina mazei. It also significantly reduced the abundance of genes related to methylotrophic methanogenesis. Moreover, the abundance of VFGs significantly increased under long-term straw returning. In addition, the abundance ratio of the functional genes mcrA and pmoA, as well as that of norB and nosZ, was significantly reduced, which suggested that more CH₄ and N₂O in rice fields under straw returning will be converted. Multiple regression on distance matrix analysis showed that total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon were closely related to the soil microbial functional group composition (P＜0.05). In summary, long-term straw returning increases the risk of rice diseases and may also reduce emission rates of greenhouse gases, such as CH₄ and N₂O.

This study explored and evaluated the adsorption capacity of graphitized carbon black (GCB) to remove enrofloxacin (ENR) in an aquaculture environment. GCB was characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, Raman spectrum and Zeta potential. Additionally, the effects of pH value, adsorption temperature (T), initial concentration of ENR (C₀) and adsorption time (t) on the adsorption of ENR by GCB were determined. Meanwhile, the adsorption thermodynamics and adsorption kinetics of ENR by GCB were explored to reveal its adsorption mechanisms. The results showed that GCB had good adsorption performance to ENR, which can be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. Under the conditions of \mathrm{p}\mathrm{H}=7, C_{\mathrm{0}}=200 mg/L and T=35 ℃, GCB had the strongest adsorption capacity for ENR in solution, and the maximum adsorption quantity could reach 74.43 mg/g. Furthermore, it was found that GCB demonstrated good adsorption quantity on ENR residues in actual spiked cultural freshwater and spiked cultural seawater, and the unit adsorption quantities were (32.47±0.99) mg/g and (31.84±1.46) mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, GCB has the potential to remove ENR from real aquaculture tailwater.

To achieve high-value utilization of corn protein waste, composite films were prepared from bamboo powder and zein, and the effects of silane modification on the properties of bamboo powder/zein composite films were studied. The results showed that the appropriate concentrations of the silane coupling agent reduced the polarity of the bamboo powder, improved the compatibility between the bamboo powder and zein, delayed the thermal decomposition rate of zein, enhanced the thermal stability of zein, and improved the tensile strength and elongation at break of the bamboo powder/zein composite films. Among all the composite film samples, the zein composite films prepared by combined treatment with a silane coupling agent and silica exhibited the best comprehensive mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 0.23 MPa, tensile modulus of 4.67 MPa, and elongation at break of 408.07%. These results can provide technical support for the improvement of the properties of biomass/zein composites.

In order to explore the metabolic mechanism of hepatic steatosis affecting production performance of dairy cows, the physiological and biochemical indexes and transcriptome sequencing results of dairy cows with mild hepatic steatosis were compared and analyzed, with healthy dairy cows used as controls. Histological examination of liver tissue revealed that when steatosis occurred, hematoxylin-eosin stained sections of liver tissue showed nearly round vacuoles of varying sizes. Compared with those of healthy dairy cows, the yields of fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk and the milk fat content of dairy cows with mild hepatic steatosis were significantly lower (p＜0.01), and there were no significant differences in plasma biochemical indexes. A total of 241 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in liver by transcriptome sequencing, including 136 down-regulated DEGs and 105 up-regulated DEGs. Gene ontology (GO) functional annotation showed that DEGs were enriched mainly in biological processes and molecular functions related to lipid metabolism. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were enriched in steroid biosynthesis, cholesterol metabolism, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and other lipid metabolism-related pathways. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that genes were enriched in important pathways affecting lipid metabolism, such as fatty acid elongation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway. The results suggested that mild hepatic steatosis affected the lipid metabolic process of dairy cows, and then affected the metabolism of whole body of dairy cows, resulting in differences in production performance of dairy cows such as milk fat content.

In order to effectively distinguish the natural population from the cultured population of Oplegnathus fasciatus, this study randomly selected 226 samples (126 from the natural population and 100 from the cultured population) and measured seven and thirty-six measurable traits by traditional morphometry and the truss network, respectively, and carried out difference analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis. The results of difference analysis showed that four of the six measurable traits (excluding body length) were extremely significantly different (P＜0.01), and two of them were significantly different (P＜0.05) according to traditional morphometry, while 31 of 36 measurable traits were extremely significantly different (P＜0.01) and five of them were significantly different (P＜0.05) according to the truss network. These results indicated that there were significant differences in the morphological characteristics between the natural and cultured populations, mainly in the head, trunk and pelvic fin. The results of stepwise discriminant analysis showed that the correct rate of discrimination were 97.8% and 94.7%, respectively, after cross-validation based on the traditional morphometry and truss network, and the correct rate of discrimination was 99.6% after cross-validation based on the comprehensive analysis combined with the two methods. The above results showed that it is feasible to discriminate the natural and cultured populations via morphological methods, and the results of the comprehensive discrimination can be more accurate when various morphologically measurable traits were combined.