Salt damage is one of severe abiotic stresses which restricts yield and quality of crops all over the world. In China, saline alkali soil area is increasing mainly for environmental pollution and unreasonable fertilization in recent decades. Although cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is classified as a strong salt-resistant plant, it is sensitive to salinity at seedling and flowering stages. Thus, in order to improve salt tolerance of cottons, systematical study on salt tolerance mechanism becomes more and more necessary. In other words, research on the growth and physiological characteristics can not only explore the mechanism of salt tolerance of plant, but also lay the foundation for breeding new salt-tolerant varieties.
In this experiment, solution cultures with 0, 150 and 300 mmol/L NaCl were conducted to study the effect of salt stress on characteristics of seedling growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, malonaldehyde (MDA) content and inorganic ion concentration of two upland cotton cultivars (cv. Zaoshuchangrong7, salt-tolerant and cv. Nandanbadidahua, salt-sensitive). All the samples were collected after one week treatment. Concentrations of Na⁺ , K⁺ , Ca²⁺ , and Mg²⁺ of different organs (root, stem and leaf) were detected by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
The result showed that the salt-tolerant cotton had a larger growth quantity of root under moderate salt stress than the saltsensitive cotton. For instance, under the 150 mmol/L NaCl treatment, the salt-tolerant cv. Zaoshuchangrong7 had 14.3%, 10.9% and 21.7% more in primary lateral root number, taproot length, and root mass than the control, respectively. Also, the higher net photosynthetic rate and antioxidant enzyme activity could be maintained in the leaf of salt-tolerant cotton under the salt stress. For example, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were increased gradually in the salt-tolerant cv. Zaoshuchangrong7 along with the increase of salt stress, while the activities of these enzymes increased firstly and then reduced in salt-sensitive cv. Nandanbadidahua. Furthermore, there was a regular distribution of inorganic ion concentrations of the salttolerant cv. Zaoshuchangrong7 under the same NaCl stress: greatly higher concentration of Na+ in the root than in the stem and leaf; higher concentrations of K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺, but lower ratio of Na⁺/K⁺ in the shoot. It was indicated that the salt-tolerant cv. Zaoshuchangrong7 could store up part of Na+ in the root thereby to relieve Na+ toxicity in the shoot. However, MDA content of salt- sensitive cv. Nandanbadidahua increased more dramatically than the salt-tolerant cv. Zaoshuchangrong7 when the NaCl concentration climbed from 150 to 300 mmol/L. Under the 150 and 300 mmol/L NaCl treatments, the MDA contents of saltsensitive cv. Nandanbadidahua increased 30.3% and 83.5%, respectively, when compared with the control, and remained higher level than the salt-tolerant cv. Zaoshuchangrong7.
To sum up, this study reveals that protection from ion toxicity and oxidative damage by regulating the root growth, enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzyme and coordinating the ion homeostasis in different organs may be major physiological mechanisms of salt-tolerant cotton in response to salt damage.

Waxy maize is an important economic crop in Zhejiang Province. Agronomic traits, especially the yield and yieldrelated traits of waxy maize are the focus of attention paid by both waxy maize breeders and producers. Most agronomic traits of waxy maize are quantitative traits affected by environment, variety-by-location interaction, variety and location-by-year interaction. It is very important to understand the contribution rates of each factor to agronomic traits of waxy maize, so as to screen appropriate varieties for Zhejiang Province.
In this study, a regional variety test with random complete block design was implemented in multiple locations from 2013 to 2015. Totally, 29 waxy maize varieties and eight test locations were arranged with three blocks in each location. The yield and seven yield- related traits, ear length, ear diameter, net ear rate, rows per ear, row grains, fresh 1 000-grain mass, and seed producing rate were investigated. Based on the location effects, variety effects, year effects, location-by-year interaction effects, variety-by-location interaction effects, predicted by a mixed linear model, the stability and adaptability of the 29 varieties were analyzed, and the eight locations were comprehensively evaluated using productive level, precision, distinguishing ability, representation and stability. SAS and QTModel softwares were applied for the analysis.
The results of variance analysis showed that the location effects, variety effects, year effects, year-by-location interaction effects and variety-by-location interaction effects were significant for yield trait, and the variety-by-location interaction effects for seven yield-related traits were not significant. Wherein, 67.6% of variance for rows per ear was from variety effects, 36.3% of variance for yield from location effects. Additionally, the location related effects explained 6.9% 62.0% of the total variance for each agronomic trait. In accordance with the contribution rate of location?related effects, the traits from high to low contributions were the yield, seed producing rate, row grains, fresh 1 000-grain mass, net ear rate, ear diameter, ear length, rows per ear, respectively. The results for comprehensive evaluation on location showed that productive levels in the eight locations were diverse; the trial precisions in the eight locations were high, showing that the trials were all valid. In these test locations, Jiashan, Hangzhou and Chun’an possessed high distinguishability; Dongyang, Jiangshan, Chun’an and Hangzhou possessed high representativeness; Dongyang and Jiashan possessed high stability and productive level.
On evaluation of variety stability and yield-ability, according to the results of multiple comparisons by Tukey method for yield trait, the varieties marked by “a” were regarded as appropriate ones, and among them, those with yield mean value equal to or larger than the average of all appropriate ones were determined as the most appropriate varieties. Based on the variety effects and variety-by-location interaction effects, the stability of the variety was estimated. As a result, “Ketiannuo 2” was the most appropriate variety for Zhejiang Province.

SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 (SOC1) is a flowering integration factor that widely existed in flowering plants, which is necessary in multiple flowering induction pathways, including vernalization, photoperiod, gibberellin, and other endogenous or exogenous environmental signals. Therefore, research of the effect of SOC1 on plant growth and development can reveal the plant flowering mechanism and direct molecular breeding. Anthurium is a kind of high-grade potted flower in the worldwide. However, molecular biology research on this plant had just started. As a flowering integration factor, SOC1 in Anthurium may be a key to deeply understand the flower conversion process.
In this study, rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology was used to obtain the full length of two SOC1 genes of Anthurium. Several biological softwares were used to analyze the biological information, including NCBI Blast, NCBI Conserved Domain Search, ProtParam, TMHMM Server version 2.0, SignalP 4.1 Server, iPSORT, PSIPRED, DNAman, and MEGA 6.0. Gene expression levels of the two SOC1 genes were detected by real-time reverse transcription?polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
The main results were as follows: AaSOC1-1 and AaSOC1-2 were obtained from two independent SOC1 full coding sequence (CDS) regions, which shared 75.6% similarity at the nucleotide level. Their encoded proteins were composed of 216 and 213 amino acid residues, respectively. Both of the putative proteins had secondary structures such as helix, sheet, and turn, but no other special structures were found. Based on the online software analysis results, it was concluded that AaSOC1-1 and AaSOC1- 2 were located in the mitochondria but not in the nucleus. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the two SOC1 transcription factors from Anthurium were tightly clustered with each other, and also with other monocotyledons. Fluorescence quantitative RT?PCR analysis revealed that both genes from Anthurium were ubiquitously expressed in the vegetative and reproductive organs, but different in the expression patterns. Particularly, AaSOC1-1 was mainly expressed in the bract and tepal, whereas AaSOC1-2 was mainly expressed in the stem and pedicel.
In sum, this study reported the nucleotide and deduced amino acid composition of the two SOC1 transcription factors. Preliminary analysis of their characteristics, structure, and potential function were performed through bioinformatics software, combined with multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction. Based on the results, the two genes found in Anthurium were identified as members of SOC1 gene family.Gene expression experiments confirmed the similarities and differences of their expression patterns, which were relatively conservative compared with other species. This study lays the foundation for understanding the functional properties of these two transcription factors, which also requires in?depth research to verify the above speculation and views.

With rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, large amounts of heavy metals have been directly or indirectly released into the soil environment through solid wastes, waste air, and waste water from industrial activities over the recent decades. In particular, cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic pollutants causing environmental problems. With excellent water solubility, Cd can be absorbed by plants easily and transferred to human body, eventually threatening the health of human beings. Lots of herb plants have tolerance for Cd and can accumulate to eliminate the Cd pollution in soils. However, with relative low biomass, the accumulation capacity of herb plants is limited. Little is known about the phytoremediation application of woody plants, which have large biomass and fast growth rate. Salix variegata has strong bioaccumulation on Cd and exceptionally high tolerance to Cd stress, especially planted along the sloping banks, thus it has the potential for phytoremediation of Cd polluted environments. However, the mechanism of tolerance and detoxification for Cd still needs further study. Metal binding ligands are effective for detoxification of heavy metals, mainly phytochelatins (PCs) and metallothioneins (MTs).
In this study, in order to explore the detoxification mechanism of S. variegata, and improve the potential enrichment and detoxification ability of S. variegata, hydroponic experiments were conducted under different Cd²⁺ concentrations, including 0 mg/L Cd²⁺ (CK), 2 mg/L Cd²⁺ (T₁), 10 mg/L Cd²⁺ (T₂), 20 mg/L Cd²⁺ (T₃) and 50 mg/L Cd²⁺ (T₄), and the Cd²⁺ and thiol-peptide contents in leaves and roots of S. variegata were determined.
The results showed that under the Cd stress, four kinds of thiol- peptides (PC2, PC3, PC4 and PC5) were detected in the leaves, and two kinds of thiol-peptides (PC2 and PC3) were detected in the roots. The total content of thiol-peptides in the leaves and roots of S. variegata increased with the Cd concentration and treatment time. The contents of glutathione (GSH) in the leaves and roots of S. variegata under different levels of Cd stress were significantly higher than that of the control treatment. Besides, the content of thiol-peptides in the leaves of S. variegata also increased significantly than the control. The increase of thiolpeptides was proportional related to the increase of Cd concentration. Meanwhile, the PC2 and PC3 contents of the T₄ group in the roots of S. variegata were significantly higher than the control. Significant positive correlations between thiol-peptide content and Cd accumulation were observed in the leaves and roots of S. variegata. Altogether, these results indicated that the thiolpeptide content increased with the Cd accumulation in the leaves and roots of S. variegata.
In conclusion, with intensified Cd stress, the chelating ability of phytochelatin to Cd increased significantly, and the tolerance and the detoxification ability of S. variegata to Cd stress were substantially improved. The PC2 content of each Cd concentration treatment in the leaves and roots of S. variegata was the highest among the thiol-peptides, especially in the roots of S. variegata. Therefore, the chelating ability of PC2 to Cd in S. variegata is the best among the thiol- peptides, especially the chelating ability of PC2 to Cd in the root.

Wild tulips in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region are unique and elite germplasm resources, which are widely distributed in China. It is of great necessity to protect, develop, and fully utilize those valuable materials for species diversity and breeding regimes mainly due to the destruction of primitive habitat. These wild species are often characterized numerous outstanding horticultural traits (e.g., resistance and ornamental values) with great potential in breeding. Due to changeable climatic conditions, as well as the influence of diseases, it still has many problems in overcoming the degeneration of bulbs throughout the hot summer in some regions like Zhejiang Province. Tissue culture is an effective alternative method to preserve germplasm resources compared with the conventional ways. However, the survival rate of plantlets after transplanting is much higher than the bulblets formed in vitro. Therefore, tulip bulblets in vitro obtained through the sterile sowing technology are easier to achieve the successful conservation and propagation of wild tulip under non-primitive habitat. It is of great importance for the preservation and utilization of wild tulips with excellent traits in China.
The study aims to screen out the optimal conditions for the seed germination of Tulipa sinkiangensi native to Xinjiang, including sterilization method (ethanol, 2% NaClO or 0.1% HgCl2), peeling or not, gibberellin (GA3) pretreatment concentration (0, 300, 600 mg/L), basal medium (MS, 1/2MS) and culture temperature (4 ℃, 25 ℃).
The results showed that 75% ethanol treatment for 30 seconds and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes were the best sterilization method for tulip seeds, with the contamination rate of 0%. The germination rate was higher at 4 ℃ without peeling off the seed coat, while it was higher at 25 ℃ with peeling off seed coat. Four degrees celsius was necessary for breaking dormancy, whereas 25 ℃ was more suitable for seed germination and growth. The optimal conditions for seed germination of wild tulips were pretreatment with 600 mg/L GA3 for 24 hours before sowing, and 1/2MS basal medium at 25 ℃. Under these conditions, the germination rate of wild tulips reached 96.67% with strong growth potential. We also found that peeling off the seed coat could not significantly increase the germination rate, but could significantly shorten the seed germination time, resulting in more robust shoot growth. Eventually, about more than 80% sprouted seeds formed small bulblets in vitro, while the seeds without peeling off the seed coat failed. Meanwhile, the formation rate of the bulblets in the aseptic sowing was significantly higher than that in the soil sowing.
This study provides an experimental basis for in vitro conservation of wild tulips and helps to enhance the protection and utilization of wild tulip resources in China.

Dafo Longjing tea, as one of top ten famous teas in Zhejiang Province, is mainly produced in Xinchang County and popular with consumers because of its fresh-tender aroma and soft-mellow taste. It is significantly different from other kinds of Longjing teas including famous Xihu-Longjing tea, and occupies large market share; however, studies on quality features and related components of Dafo Longjing tea are rather few at present. In order to delve deeply into the mechanism of quality formation of Dafo Longjing tea, systematic analyses of correlation between liquor-taste properties and chemical constituent were performed in this study.
Dafo Longjing teas were processed by traditional processing procedure with fresh leaf from cultivars “Zhenong 113”,“Pingyang- tezao tea”,“Yingshuang”,“Longjing 43”,“Jiaming 1”,“Cuifeng”,“Baiye 1” and “Jiukeng”. The quality of the made teas was assessed by sensory evaluation, which showed that all of the samples made from different cultivars were accorded with the typical characteristic of flat, straight and bright appearance. The overall qualities of samples from“Longjing 43”,“Yingshuang” and “Jiaming 1” were superior to others, with the score of 94.80, 94.50 and 94.50 respectively. Characteristic constituents in tea samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The result indicated that the“Jiukeng” and “Cuifeng” were with high content of catechins, and “Longjing 43” was with high content of gallic acid, and “Baiye 1” was with high content of amino acids. Flavonol glycosides, as essential functional ingredients with low content, were different in content among all the eight tea cultivars.
As color indicators and representative of light-dark, red-green and yellow-blue degree respectively, values of L, a, and b were read to analyze the color difference of tea infusion. The result combined with sensory evaluation suggested that Dafo Longjing tea with high brightness and moderate yellow-green degree had good quality. What’s more, the result of tea infusion color difference analysis showed significant correlation with sensory evaluation, indicating that liquid quality of Dafo Longjing teas could be quantitative description by color indicators. Taken chemical determination together with color indicator analysis, we found that flavonol glycosides, especially myricetin glycosides and quercetin glycosides, had a significant impact on liquid color quality. Signal factor evaluation of taste characteristics could make sensory concept concretely and vividly, helping to understand product’s features. In this study, taste factors of umami, sweet, bitter, astringent and kokumi were scored by sensory experts. The result showed that bitter and astringent as important factors were speculated to have significant impact on taste quality of Dafo Longjing tea. In combination with quantitative analysis of chemical constituents, we found that flavono glycosides were significantly correlated with taste factors of bitter, astringent and kokumi.
Above all, color-indicator determination and signal factor evaluation can make sensory description of liquid and taste concretely and vividly. Moreover, flavonol glycosides as important chemical constituents have significant impact on liquid and taste quality, though with low content in Dafo Longjing tea. In the future, studies on the interaction between flavonol glycosides and other components will be explored further to illuminate the function mechanism of characteristic flavor.

Quantum dots have unique physical and chemical properties and optical properties due to its special structure. In recent years, as a new type of fluorescent probe materials applied in chemical and biological analysis, medical diagnosis and other fields, quantum dots have become the focus of research. At present, some studies have been reported on the detection of heavy metal, veterinary drug and pesticide residues in food by using quantum dots as fluorescent probes. Related research reports showed that the use of quantum dots as a fluorescent probe to analyze the analyte with impact of food safety had advantages of high sensitivity, good selectivity, short response time, and less investment, which indicated the quantum dots as a fluorescent probe had wide application prospects in food safety inspection field. The malachite green had good antibacterial effect and low price, which was often illegally used in aquaculture as insecticides and fungicides. The malachite green had the potential carcinogenic effects, which was clearly listed in Chinese Food Animal Banned Veterinary Drugs and Compounds List in 2002, but in fact, malachite green residue has been detected in aquatic products breeding from time to time due to illegal addition. Malachite green residue detection method has been mainly reported, such as high performance liquid chromatography, surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), ultraviolet spectrometry, which were not easy to be applied and popularized at the basic unit, due to lower sensitivity, or longer single sample detection time, or expensive equipment, or complicated operation. Therefore, it was urgent to develop a detection method with high sensitivity, good selectivity, short response time and less input. Quantum dot fluorescent probe method in residue detection had the potential to meet the demand, but the current studies using the method of quantum dots to detect malachite green were rarely reported.
In view of this, based on the application prospects of residue detection by quantum dot fluorescent probe method in the field of food safety, the feasibility of detecting malachite green residue with illegal addition in aquaculture was researched in the present study by a water-soluble quantum dot fluorescent probe method, and the purpose was to establish a method to detect trace residues of malachite green in actual water and fish products.
In this study, water-soluble CdTe/ZnS quantum dot fluorescent probe was synthesized under mild conditions with 3-mercaptopropionic acid as a stabilizer. The main influence factors of water-soluble CdTe/ZnS quantum dot fluorescent probe to detect malachite green in the detection system were investigated, including buffer system type, buffer pH, buffer concentration, concentration of quantum dots, reaction time, concentration of malachite green, coexisting ions, etc. The best condition was obtained for the water-soluble CdTe/ZnS quantum dot probe method to detect malachite green on the basis of above investigation. Under the optimal detection condition, water-soluble CdTe/ZnS quantum dot fluorescent probe for quantitative detection of trace residues of malachite green was carried out in water and fish products. At the same time, the mechanism of water-soluble CdTe/ZnS quantum dot fluorescent probe method being used for the detection of trace residues of malachite green was studied by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy and resonance light scattering technique.
As a result, a simple, rapid and sensitive approach to quantitative determination of illegally added malachite green residues in aquaculture was developed based on the fluorescence quenching of water-soluble CdTe/ZnS quantum dots by malachite green. Under the optimized conditions, i.e., pH=8.0, 0.065 mol/L Tris-HCl and 1.60×10^－4 mol/

Heavy metal contaminants enter the environment through various means, causing heavy metal pollution in the soil, especially heavy metals in farmland soils, which are becoming increasingly serious. Microorganisms, especially bacteria have a large surface area, are charged and have strong metabolic activity, and play a unique role in remediation of heavy metalcontaminated soil. The cadmium-tolerant strain m6, isolated from cadmium-polluted soil by our lab, has a strong ability to enhance the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils. Ordinary surfactants also can activate heavy metals and improve the migration and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils, and have a positive effect on the removal of heavy metals in contaminated soils and sediments. In our previous study, a heavy metal adsorbent Beiyang rod (BY rod) was set up, which can adsorb heavy metals including mercury, zinc, cadmium and copper in soils. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to study the remediation effect of cadmium-tolerant strains or surfactants combined with plant absorption and BY rod on soil heavy metal cadmium (Cd) pollution.
The BY rod combined with cadmium-tolerant bacteria m6 or surfactant was conducted in a field experiment, including CK, T1 (BY rod treatment), T2 (BY rod plus cadmium-tolerant bacteria treatment) and T3 [BY rod plus sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) treatment]. Moreover, three species of hyperaccumulator (Sedum plumbizincicola, Sedum emarginatum Migo and Sedum alfredii) combined with cadmium-tolerant strain m6 (S1 treatment) or surfactant (S2 treatment) were set in a pot experiment. Both the field experiments and pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouses in Fuyang District, Zhejiang Province. The activities of soil urease, protease, phosphatase and dehydrogenase were measured by phenol-sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method, copper salt colorimetric method, triphenyltetrachloride azole (TTC) and benzodiazepine colorimetric method, respectively.
The results showed that the BY rod combined with cadmium-tolerant bacteria m6 or surfactant had higher absorption of the active cadmium than the control treatment. The cadmium-tolerant bacteria m6 and surfactants could significantly increase the content of available cadmium, enzyme activity and microbial quantity in the soil, while the effects as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) ＞ cadmium-tolerant bacteria m6. The reduction of the available cadmium concentration in the soil was the highest under the S. plumbizincicola treatment, and the absorbed concentrations of Cd and Zn in the S. plumbizincicola weresignificantly higher than those in the S. emarginatum and S. alfredii. After the potentially available cadmium in the soil was converted to activation state of cadmium, it could be absorbed by BY rod or cultivated plants. It was also revealed that the Cd concentration absorbed by S. plumbizincicola was higher than that by S. emarginatum and S. alfredii in the experiment of three kinds of sedum combined with cadmium-tolerant bacteria for remediation, and the soil enzyme activity and the abundance of microorganisms were higher after the remediation by S. plumbizincicola.
It is concluded that the combination of cadmium-tolerant bacteria and S. plumbizincicola is a feasible and effective remediation method for soil cadmium pollution.

Due to limited capacity of self-purification of water in ponds, accumulation of feed residue and metabolites lead toendogenous，exogenous pollution, and eutrophication. Currently, physical, chemical and biological methods are used to purifyaquacultural wastewater. Meanwhile，aquatic plants，aquatic animals and microorganism are used to purify water quality. Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is an important economic aquatic crustacean in China; customarily, aquatic plants are often used to purify water quality during the breeding process of high?density cultured young crab. Alternanthera philoxeroides were planted in the pond, which could not only provide a habitat for shelter and moltforcrabs, but also purify the water quality. However, considering the low economic value of A. philoxeroides, some aquatic plants, which can produce high economic value and purify water quality, attracted attention of researchers. As we all know, rice?crab is a complex, efficient and ecological planting and breeding pattern. Meanwhile, reed type rice is lodging?resistant, which has tall stems and developed root system. However, high proportion of reed type rice will reduce the crab activity. space in the pond. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of reed type rice-planted area on water quality of crab pond, and provide some references for improving water quality in young crab pond.
Four treatments were conducted, including a control (group A), and three reed type rice?planted are as with 10% (group B), 20% (group C), 30% (group D), and every treatment had three replicates. Rice was planted around the pond, and transplanted floating aquatic plants (A. philoxeroides) in the middle of the pond, with bamboo piling fixed. Excess A. philoxeroides was removed periodically, which was controlled about 50% of the pond area. From July 2015 to October 2015, the water quality indicators including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total hardness, permanganate index, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, phosphate phosphorus, chlorophyll a (Chl a)of the young crab pond were monitored. During the test, water samples were collected every 15 days in sunny and windless morning (8:00—9:30). Meanwhile, the determination of all water quality indicators was carried out using the procedure reported by Water and Wastewater Monitoring and Analysis Methods (fourth edition). Otherwise, water quality was evaluated according to Culture Area Fishery Water Quality Standard (GB 11607—1989) and Surface Water Quality Standard (GB 3838—2002).
The results indicated that the contents of nitrite nitrogen, total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus in the reed type riceplanted crab pond were generally lower than those in the control group, while the contents of permanganate index and Chl a were higher than those of control. There were no significant differences of the other indexes between the treatment groups and control group. In the later stage of culture, the contents of permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, phosphate phosphates and Chl a in the group D were higher than those in the group B and group C. While, the dissolved oxygen, total hardness and nitrate nitrogen content were the opposite. During the feeding period, the Chl a content in the group C was generally lower than that in the group B. Furthermore, the pH of water in the pond was in line with the fishery water quality and surface water environment standards, while the permanganate index, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen reached class Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ of surface water environment standard, respectively.
In conclusion, reed type rice can purify the water quality in young crab pond, and the water quality is the best when 50% A. philoxeroides + 20% reed type rice are planted in young crab pond.

Compensatory growth is described as a phase of accelerated growth when the fish were under favorable circumstances after a period of growth depression, which was widely investigated in the past decades all around the world. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is a carnivorous fish species of commercial importance to freshwater aquaculture industry, which is now widely cultured in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces. Researches about nutrition requirements have been established a lot in the past decades, however, quite rarely on compensatory growth and feeding regime of largemouth bass. In order to improve the feeding regime of largemouth bass, the research was conducted.
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted in an indoor re-circulating system to examine the effect of different regimes of feeding and feed deprivation on feed intake, growth, feed utilization, body composition and waste output of juvenile largemouth bass. Three treatments were designed, in which one group was fed with a formulated feed twice daily (S₀), one group was fed for 3 days and then deprived of feed for 1 day (S₁), and one group was fed for 7 days and then deprived of feed for 1 day (S₂).
The results showed that the feed intake, body mass gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased with the increase of the days of feed deprivation. However, no significant difference was found in nitrogen retention efficiency, phosphorus retention efficiency, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, contents of protein and lipid in whole body, and waste output of nitrogen and phosphorus among the treatments. At the end of the feeding trial, final body mass and mass gain were higher in S₀ than in S₁, while they were higher in S₂ than in S₁. During feeding, both feed intake and specific growth rate were lower in S₁ and S₂ than in S₀, while no significant difference was found in nitrogen retention efficency and feed convension ratio between S₀ and S₁ or S₂.
The above results indicated that largemouth bass exhibited partial growth compensation when fed with the feeding regimes as S₁ and S₂, and the mechanism of the compensatory growth is attributed to the increased feed intake during re-feeding. According to the results, when using the feeding regime in pond culture of largemouth bass, the optimal ratio between the days for feeding and feed deprivation should be 13 d/1d.

With growing demands for the diversity and quality of meat, rabbit meat is more and more popular with its special flavor. The traits of muscle fibers have a direct effect on the quality of meat, and the number, size, density, and type of muscle fibers are closely related to the meat flavor. However, recent studies on genes related to meat quality of rabbit are quite few, so the formation mechanism of the edibility characteristic of the muscle fibers is still unclear. Myh6, a member of the myosin heavy chain family, plays an important role in the development of muscles. What’s more, Myh6 is a marker gene in cardiac development which promotes the expansion of ventricular myocardial cell.
In order to clarify the relationship of Myh6 and muscle fiber traits, correlation analysis was used to study the expression level of Myh6 in rabbit muscle fibers of longissimus dorsi muscle and leg muscle with different ages, which could also provide theoretical basis for some improvement in rabbit meat. In this study, Fujian yellow rabbits were used as experimental animals, and their myofiber traits of longissimus dorsi muscle and leg muscles at different development stages were evaluated by a frozen section technique. Meanwhile, expression levels of Myh6 gene of Fujian yellow rabbit at different development stages were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR）.
The results showed that the density of white muscle fibers was significantly higher than that of red muscle fibers and intermediate muscle fibers at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks old; and the area of white muscle fibers was significantly greater than that of red muscle fibers. The descending order for the long and short diameters of muscle fibers of legs and backs was white muscle fibers, intermediate muscle fibers and red muscle fibers. The inverse relationship between the density and area of muscle fibers was that the density of muscle fibers decreased with the increase of muscle fiber area. The density of muscle fibers had an obviously decreasing trend from 2 to 6 weeks old. In the whole, with the age increasing, the density decreased but not significant. There was no significant difference between long and short diameters of muscle fibers, and both long and short diameters of the different muscle fibers increased gradually with the age increasing, although the trend was very obvious before 6 weeks old, but insignificant after 6 weeks old.
The results also showed that the expression level of Myh6 first increased and then decreased in longissimus dorsi muscles and leg muscles of bucks and does, which showed the highest expression level at 4 weeks old in does and 6 weeks old in bucks. Furthermore, there is no difference of the change tendency between the expression level of Myh6 gene and the variation of area, long and short diameters of muscle fibers. Above all, it can be concluded that the development of muscle fibers is related to Myh6 gene.

Parkinson’s disease (PD), characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the brain，is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. It includes the major motor symptoms of akinesia, rigidity and tremor. Main mechanisms of the neuronal degeneration of PD include free radicals and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, calcium cytotoxicity, trophic factor deficiency, inflammatory processes, genetic factors, environmental impact factors, toxic action of nitric oxide, and apoptosis, all of which may interact with and amplify each other in a vicious cycle of toxicity, leading to neuronal dysfunction, atrophy, and finally cell death.
Eight healthy young rhesus monkeys were respectively daily injected a small dose of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) by intramuscular injection, then divided into a levodopa group (three rhesus monkeys), a clioquinol group (three rhesus monkeys) and a control group (two rhesus monkeys) randomly, and given 15 mg/kg levodopa + carbidopa,15 mg/kg clioquinol and equal physiological saline by oral for 4 weeks respectively. The behavioral manifestations of all monkeys were evaluated, and their serum biochemical indices were measured before and after different drug treatments, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S- transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA).
With the continued injection of MPTP, the monkeys reached a state of stable parkinsonism, which was first obtained on the 62 days of treatment. Since then, no significant variation was observed. In addition, vocalization reduction was the first symptom, but it was indistinct; furthermore, we found that the monkeys became increasingly bradykinetic, and finally presented with tremors, which were stronger and earlier at the arms than at the legs. Other early phenotypes and long-lasting symptoms included a decrease in home cage activity and arm movement, and an increase of muscular rigidity and freeze. The behavior scores of the levodopa group and clioquinol group decreased after the treatment, and the difference was statistically significant, but the control group showed no significant differences. The activities of SOD, GPX, GST and the GSH content were all increased, while MDA concentration decreased in the levodopa group and clioquinol group; the above indexes in the levodopa group had statistical significance (P＜0.05), as well as the levels of GST and GSH in the clioquinol group (P＜0.05). Compared with the control group, the activities of SOD and GST increased significantly (P＜0.01), while the GPX activity and the MDA concentration decreased significantly (P＜0.05) in the levodopa group; the SOD activity and the GSH content increased significantly (P＜0.05), but the GPX activity decreased significantly (P＜0.01) in the clioquinol group.
The above results show that levodopa and clioquinol can increase the blood antioxidant enzyme activity and decrease the lipid peroxide content, and then enhance the body’s antioxidant capacity and promote the recovery of clinical behavior, thus playing a positive role in PD monkeys.

Ditch is one of the most important elements in modern agriculture, which has a great impact on agricultural production and ecological environment. Traditional ditches mainly focus on convenient traffic, economic engineering cost, irrigation and drainage, but neglect the environment ecosystem.
In order to coordinate the relationship of ecology, economy and sustainability, and realize the win-win situation of water conservancy function and ecological function, proposing a new ecological detailed ditch for coordinating the relationship of the functional, ecological and economical, protecting agricultural production, giving attention to water conveyance efficiency and ecological function. Based on the research materials and experimental results in domestic and overseas, the construction of ecological canal project in Lushan County of Sichuan Province with combination of the Section form, lining method, slope protection style, aquatic plants, the ecological landscape, etc. This article put forward suitable ecological detailed design principles, key technologies, and actual ditch design reference styles. With the consideration of functional requirements, such as production, life, ecology, landscape, etc., some advanced, practical and new concepts with great significance were proposed, which can be used in practical engineering demonstration. Comprehensive evaluation of ditch ecological effect showed that the final score of the ecological ditch treatment project was 84.65, the grade was good, better than the ordinary ditch treatment project (the final score was 77.9, the grade was middle); Although the ecological ditch treatment project has no significant difference in the economic and operational management of the conventional ditch treatment project, it has shown some advantages in the treatment effect and the waste water recycling. The ecological design of the ditch has good effect on the removal of pollutants, Water recycling and compliance rate；The engineering ditch ecological design has good ecology, economy and sustainability. The following main achievements have been obtained:
1) Ecology: Slope and escape lanes were provided in the trenches to facilitate the escape of animals falling into the ditches; aquatic plants in the ditches can remove pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus and pesticides in the water body, and purify water quality; canal plants can slow down the water flow rate and reduce the temperature changes within the canal to promote crop growth;“ecological corridor”was set to strengthen the exchange of farmland and protect the“integrity”; water level monitoring equipment was applied to improve the water utilization at a large extent.
2) Economy: the fine design of each section greatly reduced the relevant project cost; aquatic plants purified water quality and reduced the cost of sewage treatment.
3) Sustainability: This project integrated a series of detailed designs, ensuring the function of the traditional ditch irrigation and drainage, and reducing the impact on the environment, which maintained the original ecology of farmland system and improved the use of ditches sustainability.

Biomass pellets, prepared from wood particles, straws, and other agricultural and forestry residues, possessed the advantages of higher energy density, convenient transportation and storage, and reduced fossil energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. They have been widely used in industrial boilers, agricultural greenhouses and household heatingunits. Currently, the efficient measurement and control of pollutant emission during biomass pellet combustion become increasingly important and attract more and more public awareness. Feeding rate is one of the critical factors that determine the combustion status and pollutant emissions. Previous researches mainly focused on the effect of feeding rate on carbon oxide (CO) emission, while the impact on nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emission was seldomly reported. The new China National Emission Regulation (NER) issued in early 2012 requires that NO_x emission must be controlled below 100 mg/m³.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding rate on the emission and variation of CO and NO_x based on a 5G-20/85-0.23 biomass pellet burner platform. Average feeding rates of 6.9, 6.2, 5.5, 5.0 and 4.5 kg/h were employed, corresponding to the set of working and pausing time in the feeding mechanism at 2 s/13 s, 2 s/15 s, 2 s/17 s, 2 s/19 s, and 2 s/21 s, respectively (labelled as 2/13, 2/15, 2/17, 2/19, 2/21).
Results showed that CO emission was reduced with the feeding rate decreased from 6.9 to 5.0 kg/h, and the lowest CO concentration of 66 mg/Nm³ was achieved at the feeding rate of 5.0 kg/h. When the feeding rate was further reduced to 4.5 kg/h, the highest CO concentration of 205 mg/Nm³ was obtained. Overall, the CO emission first decreased and then increased for the feeding rate range of 6.9 to 4.5 kg/h. With the decreasing of feeding rate, oxygen (O₂) concentration increased first and then decreased. Maximal O₂ concentration of 16% was achieved with the feeding mechanism of 2/19. Fluctuation of CO concentration with time reflects the combustion quality and consistency inside the furnace, and minimal fluctuation is preferred. The highest fluctuation of CO concentration appeared when the feeding mechanism was set at 2/13, and a fluctuation peak was noticed at 80 s, which was probably caused by the pellet accumulation in the furnace and incomplete combustion in generating more CO. Overall, the fluctuation period was in good agreement with the feeding period. The effect of feeding rate on NO, NO₂, and NO_x concentrations was similar to that of CO, with the lowest NO_x of 8.8 mg/Nm³ obtained at feeding rate of 5.0 kg/h and highest NO_x of 78 mg/Nm³ obtained at 6.9 kg/h. The furnace temperature at lower position reached 758 ℃ at the optimal feeding rate. When the feeding rate was 4.5 kg/h, the temperature was only 375 ℃. The periodical fluctuation of NO_x is not as obvious as CO. With the feeding mechanisms of 2/19 and 2/17, very minor fluctuations of NO_x with time were observed. The NO_x fluctuations were relatively larger with 2/15 and 2/13 feeding mechanisms.
In summary, the concentrations of CO and NO_x in the emission are significantly affected by biomass pellet feeding rate. Minimal CO and NO_x emissions are achieved when the feeding mechanism is set at 2/19. Periodical fluctuation of NOx with time is less obvious compared with CO. These results provide both practical data and theoretical basis for the optimization of feeding rate for biomass pellet burners.