Morphogenesis is a biological process that involves the shape development and pattern maintenance of an organism. Morphogenetic information is needed for morphogenetic primordial developing to construct an appropriate three-dimension (3D) structure, which includes three aspects: positional information, prepatterning information, and epigenetic information. The essence and mechanism of morphogenetic information is the primary condition to understand morphogenesis. This paper reviews the latest research progress of morphogenetic field, bioelectricity and organ morphogenesis. Mechanism of organ morphogenesis has not been well understood in life science field. Advances in molecular biology were expected to solve this mystery, but proved to be a failure. Interestingly, recent study showed that organ morphogenesis was regulated by bioelectricity at multiple levels on lower animals, for example: 1) Artificially setting the resting potential in embryonic frog cells can lead to eye formation at any part of amphibian body; 2) bioelectricity can regulate regeneration of tail and ectopic limb formation in Xenopus tadpoles; 3) bioelectricity determines regeneration pattern of amputated planaria fragments on whether head or tail. Therefore, organ fate was obviously determined by bioelectric state of morphogenetic primordia. Bioelectricity is the essence of organ morphogenetic information, which is a landmark advance in this field that the bioelectricity encodes organ morphogenesis. It is an inspiration that electric is used as a signal code in communication for understanding work mechanism of bioelectric code. For example, Morse alphabet and binary, which consist of electrical signal, are used in telegram system and computer system respectively. Nowadays, 3D structures can be made by 3D printer, and the machine can execute commands encoded by binary. The physical process of bioelectricity encoding organ morphogenesis in animal bodies is similar with that of 3D structures made by printer. On basis of those theories, a hypothesis was proposed that complicated bioelectric mode (BM) operation in animal bodies was similar with binary in computer system. Exploration of the signal pathway of BM is the key to crack bioelectricity code. The dream of artificially controlling organ morphogenesis was expected to be realized when the secret code of bioelectricity for organ morphogenesis be cracked in the near future.

Morphogenesis is a subject to investigate morphological generation and shape maintenance of organisms. Regeneration can recapitulate the process of morphogenesis. Therefore, lower animals such as planaria were usually used to study morphogenesis, as they can regenerate some parts of their bodies. Correlation between bioelectricity and organ morphogenesis has been observed for lower animals such as amphibians. Whether this finding applies to the situation of mammals including humans is unknown due to lack of mammalian models. Deer antler is a unique mammalian organ that can regenerate annually. Deer antler development initiates from AP (antlerogenic periosteum, the periosteum overlying the frontal crest of prepubertal deer) tissue. Subsequent studies showed that the AP controls the morphogenesis of deer antler. 1) Ectopic antlers formed when APs were removed from normal position to anywhere of deer body. 2) Backward morphology of antlers developed when the APs were rotated 180° from original position. 3) Duplication of APs resulted in the growth of normal antlers. 4) Even minced APs can develop organized antlers. Morphogenetic potential of different regions of AP was also assessed. Antler morphogenetic information was mainly held in the anterior and medial halves of AP. The former is responsible for antler brow tine; and the latter is responsible for other branches of antler. All these features, such as full regeneration and a simple tissue-derivative, only exist in antlers comparing to other mammalian organs. Antlers morphogenesis can be studied by simply manipulating AP. Therefore, deer antler is believed to be an ideal model for organ morphogenesis study in mammals. Bioelectricity results on deer antler morphogenesis is a good beginning to understand the mystery of organ morphogenesis in mammals. In this review, the storage, duplication and transferring pathway of morphogenetic information for deer antlers were analyzed, and preliminary idea for cracking the secret codes of morphogenesis of mammalian organs through tracing bioelectricity was outlined. The findings from deer antler model are expected to be applied to artificial control of organ morphogenesis for mammal to serve for human health.

The relationships between insect pests and their natural enemies include the quantitative relations of their occurrence, the temporal relationships of their occurrence as well as their spatial distribution patterns. In previous studies, the quantitative relationships between tea pests and their spider natural predators have been researched by grey correlation degree analysis. In addition, the niche overlap index and niche similarity coefficient analysis methods have been used to assess the natural predators of pests, which studied the spatial and temporal relationships of the insect pests and their natural predators. Moreover, the ranges of spatial dependence (RSDs) of natural enemies and insect pests were respectively calculated by the method of geostatistics. Then the RSDs were analyzed using grey correlation degree analysis to systematically investigate the spatial relationships between pests and enemies. Spiders are the major natural enemies of Ectropis oblique hypulina. Therefore, scientifically utilizing and conserving spider natural enemies for integrated insect pest control of tea is necessary, and can provide scientific basis for evaluating the dominant natural enemies of E. oblique hypulina. In this work, the close degree of spatial following relationship between E. oblique hypulina and its natural enemies was examined. And the sampling size of quadrat of E. oblique hypulina in tea garden in Qianshan area, Anhui Province was estimated by blocked quadrat variance analysis, grey relation analysis, aggregated-intensity index method of spatial patterns and ρ index method. The results showed that the most closely followed spider natural enemies of E. oblique hypulina were Misumenops tricuspidatus and Theridion octomaculatum, with correlation degree values of 0.856 8 and 0.788 8, respectively, whilst the less close following relationships were found to be Xysticus ephippiatus and Enoplognatha japonica, with correlation degree values of 0.631 2 and 0.569 8, respectively. Combining the blocked quadrat variance analysis with aggregated-intensity analysis, the results showed the diffusion coefficient C-value of aggregation pattern increased with the increase of basic quadrats when there were 132 basic quadrats in the poly-block. But as for uniform and random pattern, it was continuous decrease. When the numbers of basic quadrat within the poly-block were 2, 4, 6, 8, 16 and 32 as compared with 1, the gathering degree of spatial distribution of E. oblique hypulina and its spider predators was not significant difference. In the most cases, the average λ values of E. oblique hypulina were more than 2, indicating that the gathering was caused by the pest itself. When the λ values were positive, along with the increase of quadrats in the poly-block, the gathering averages were continuously increasing. The smallest scope of individual population aggregation was evaluated by using ρ index of E. oblique hypulina under different sizes of poly-blocks. As a result, the minimum area of individual population aggregation pattern of E. oblique hypulina had one basic quadrat with 1.7 m2 in this study, which provided a scientific basis for determining the size of quadrat on the pests sampling.

Chitosan, a cation polysaccharide, is a product of chitin by partial deacetylation. It can be dissolved in some acid solvents to be polyelectrolyte hydrogel. However, the hydrogel has low mechanical strength and stability, and is difficult to smear. Carbomer is a kind of cross-linked polyacrylic acid resin containing a large number of free carboxyl. The gel made of carbomer can form transparent film on the skin and has strong adhesiveness. Therefore, it has been widely used in novel pharmaceutic adjuvant, gel and cream production. In this study, a chitosan-carbomer complex gel was prepared using edible chitosan as a raw material, carbomer as a thickener, trolamine as a neutralizing agent, and the content of chitosan was 1%. The pH of the complex gel was also optimized for the best stability, chromaticity, water activity, texture and antibacterial activity. And its antibacterial effect was also studied. The results showed that the prepared chitosan-carbomer complex gel was yellowish, semi-solid and apt to smear. The appearance, elasticity, hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess of the gel was independent of pH. However, it was more stable in storage under the higher pH value. The chromaticity decreased with the rise of pH, illustrating that the complex gel and chitosan gel exhibited similar color in the pH range of 7.0 7.5. The complex gel was stable in texture and its properties had no significant change as the storage time extended. The antibacterial effect of the gel on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans was outstanding in the pH range of 7.0 7.5, with the antibacterial activity of 92%, 94% and 96%, respectively. When applied to the thigh and inner side of the arm, the complex gel exhibited high compatibility with skin, and was easy-to-spread, and no peculiar odour and allergic phenomenon such as redness, itching, blisters, and small skin irritation were observed. The above results show that the prepared complex gel has a fine consistency with skin, and it can also inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans in the pH range of 7.0 7.5, suggesting that the product can be used in daily chemical products. In a word, this study improves the value of chitosan extracted from edible mushrooms, widens its applying range and provides the theory gist for its application.

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), which belongs to Cruciferae family, is a cash crop widely cultivated in China, and it is regarded as one of the most consumed vegetables in the world. The flower head of broccoli is rich in minerals, vitamins, fibers as well as anti-oxidants, so it is recognized as a healthy vegetable with anti-cancer properties. As a major broccoli production center in China, the average plantation areas reach to 8 000 hm2 in Taizhou of Zhejiang Province. However, broccoli cultivation suffered from plant diseases of downy mildew and stalk break which were caused by Hyaloperonospora parasitica and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, respectively, resulting in yield and quality loss. WRKY transcription factors played important roles in plant stress responses, and WRKY domains were defined as an approximately 60-amino acid motif named WRKYGQK as well as a zinc finger structure of C-X4-5-C-X2223-H-X1-H at their C-terminus. The WRKY domain binds specifically to DNA sequence of (T)(T)TGAC(C/T) known as the W-box which exists in defense-related promoters. Enhanced disease resistance by overexpression of WRKY genes in different crop plants has been reported in recent years. In this study, a WRKY gene designated as BoWRKY2, was isolated from B. oleracea var. italica. Based on sequence analysis, expression patterns of BoWRKY2 were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method while challenged by H. parasitica and S. sclerotiorum, respectively. The results showed that the genome DNA sequence was 1 507 bp in length with two introns and a complete coding sequence of 987 bp, and the length of two introns were 425 and 95 bp, respectively; BoWRKY2 encoded 328 amino acids with a WRKYGQK residue and a zinc finger structure of C-X5-C-X23-H-X1-H. The WRKY domain located between 247 and 313 residues, and several DNA binding sites were found at sites of 66, 67, 69, 71, 74, 281, 282, 283 and 317. The WRKY domain was similar to that of oilseed rape with only one amino acid residue difference between them. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the BoWRKY2 was grouped with other Cruciferae plants such as B. napus, Arabidopsis thaliana, A. lyrata, Capsella rubella and Eutrema salsugineum, with 97% confidence. RT-PCR results revealed that the BoWRKY2 was induced by both H. parasitica and S. sclerotiorum with similar expression patterns. The expression level both increased at 6 h and 12 h, and decreased after 24 h, indicating the resistance responses of BoWRKY2 against two plant fungi. In a word, the cloning and expression analysis of BoWRKY2 gene lay the foundation for further studies in gene function identification and molecular breeding of broccoli.

The thicketization of the shrub has become a common phenomenon in the arid and semi-arid steppe worldwide. The Caragana intermedia has been widely used to prevent grassland degradation because of its low transpiration rate, strong resistance and wide adaptability to the environment. The life activity of C. intermedia was not only restricted by water shortage, but also limited by soil nutrients and environmental stress. This paper revealed the balance and cycle process of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the soil, in which artificial shrub and grass were mixed planting. Therefore, the results can provide basic data for research on the balance and circulation of SOC, TN, TP in the soil of desert grassland ecosystems. The artificial C. intermedia shrubs in different planting-years (9 a, 17 a, 27 a) were taken as research objects, to analyze the contents and the ecological stoichiometry of SOC, TN, TP in the depth of 040 cm. The result showed that the SOC and TN contents of the artificial C. intermedia shrubs with different planting-years had significant differences in the vertical section (Pedge>outside. The contents of TP increased in all the parts of the shrubs with the planting-years, but the soil C/N ratio of each shrub decreased gradually. Furthermore, the soil C/P ratio first decreased and then increased on the edge and the inside of the shrubs, while gradually increased in the outside of the shrubs. The soil N/P ratio in the inside and outside of shrubs both showed increasing trends, and first decreased and then increased in the edge of the shurbs. The soil C/N ratio increased gradually with the increasing soil depth, while the C/P and N/P ratios first decreased and then increased as a whole. The N/P ratio had a significant negative correlation with the TP content (P<0.01), and significant positive correlations with the TN content and the C/P ratio (P<0.01). In conclusion, the soil nutrients in artificial C. intermedia shrubs show a significant surface accumulation and “fertile island” effect. As the growth of C. intermedia shrubs was affected by various factors, further research should be considered on the N/P stoichiometry characteristics of vegetation and soil ecosystem, and the relations between the limiting nutrients of soil N, P and the nutrient adaptability characteristics of vegetation.

Transplanting seedling age is an important factor that may greatly affect the population quality and grain yield formation of rice. Related researches have showed that by extending the transplanting seedling ages, the tillering growth rate would slowed down; the growth duration would get shorted; peak seedling stage would occur in advance; leaf area index (LAI) at full heading stage, the numbers of effective panicle per plant and grains per panicle would decreased, resulting in obvious reduction of grain yield. Due to the special landscape of the hilly area in China, the old transplanting seedling age still exist in those areas. The rice plant type is closely associated with the formation, growth and development of panicle, thus a good individual plant is essentially important for improving the quality of the population. Besides, nitrogen and its management are also important factors affecting the growth and grain yield formation of rice. To investigate the effect of seeding ages and nitrogen managements on some plant type characteristics of hybrid rice, F you 498 was used as test material in this experiment. Split plot was conducted with transplanting seedling ages (35 d, 50 d and 65 d) as main plot and nitrogen application strategy (0% panicle fertilizer, 20% panicle fertilizer, 40% panicle fertilizer and 60% panicle fertilizer) as sub-plot. The aims were to provide the theoretical and practical data for improving the grain yield of old transplanting seedling age in hilly areas. The results showed that the LAI at full heading stage decreased with the extension of seedling age, and the average LAI of 65 d seedling age was significantly lower than 35 d and 50 d, but due to the larger and wider of top 3 leaves of 65 d seedling age, its high effective leaf area ratio was significantly larger than that 35 d and 50 d. With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application ratio at panicle differentiation stage, the LAI of 50 d and 65 d seedling age at full heading stage increased first and then decreased, and the LAI reached its maximum when the panicle fertilizer ratio was 40%. With the extension of seedling age, the length, width and angle of top 3 leaves increased gradually, and the specific leaf mass of 65 d seedling age was the largest, followed by 35 d and 50 d; the length of the 1st and 2nd leaves from top and the angle of top 3 leaves of 65 d seedling age were significantly higher than those of 35 d and 50 d, and its length of the 3rd leaf from top and the width of top 3 leaves were also higher than 35 d. The length, width, thickness and angle of top 3 leaves were positively correlated with the number of spikelets, filled grains and grain mass per panicle; and either extending the seedling age or decreasing base-tiller fertilizer ratio could reduce the plant height significantly. The effect of transplanting seedling ages on plant type of hybrid rice was closely related with earing fertilizer managements, and extending the transplanting seedling age or increasing the panicle fertilizer ratio could improve fertilizer tolerance and lodging resistance of F you 498, and applying more earing fertilizer under long seedling age could make rice have better population quality and strong photosynthetic capacity, while too large and loosely top leaves would reduce transmittance and photosynthetic efficiency of rice population, and making the yield of long seedling age hard to improve further. It is concluded that long seedling age of rice has large and thick leaves, and applying 40% total nitrogen fertilizer at panicle differentiation stage will be beneficial to expand leaf areas and increase the number of spikelets per panicle. But the oversize of upper leaves can lead to leaf drooping, lower leaves shading, thus will reduce the photosynthetic efficiency of rice groups after flowering, and decrease the setting percentage and 1 000-grain mass, causing production reduction. In addition, the extension of the transplanting seedling age and the reduction of the base-tiller nitrogen fertilizer application ratio can obviously reduce the plant height, improve the ability of resistance to lodging and improve plant type.

Over the past few decades, the use of traditional mulch film made of poly-ethylene enhanced agriculture production worldwide, and meanwhile raised a range of agricultural and ecological concern associated with degradation of soil fertility due to residue accumulation. It has become an increasingly challenging issue for agricultural sustainability. As a consequence, biodegradable films are proposed as an effective solution to alleviate this issue. Among them, poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), a biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic polyester, possesses similar mechanical properties to polyethylene and therefore is generally considered an ideal substitute for conventional films. This study aimed at making a comprehensive evaluation of several recently developed biodegradable films by comparing their biological effects and field degradation properties. Five biodegradable films with a main component of PBAT were applied to cover the beds of maize in an experimental field, and then the soil temperature, plant growth indices and yield components of maize were investigated. Meanwhile, the field degradation of both biodegradable and conventional films was assessed by a standard of degradation degree. The results showed that the biodegradable films, compared to bare plot, markedly raised soil temperatures at three observation depths (5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm) and this heat capturing effect was as pronounced as the conventional polyethylene film. The temperature boosting effect varied with soil depth and time, i.e., the biggest diurnal fluctuation of temperature occurred at the depth of 5 cm in each treatment, while the least was at the depth of 15 cm. The growth of maize was significantly stimulated in all mulched plots, with the occurrence of seedling emergence and silking stage being 35 days and 1013 days earlier than bare plots, respectively. A minor advantage of biodegradable film over conventional film was also observed. The highest chlorophyll content (indicated by SPAD) was found in the bare plot, followed by M2, and M1 was the lowest, yet there were no significant differences among mulching treatments. By contrast, leaf area indices (LAI) of the biodegradable films were significantly higher than non-mulched plot, with the highest in M2. At the jointing stage, the plant height under all mulched plots were greater than that under the bare plot. While at the maturity stage, plants in the bare plot had the highest height, and there were no significant differences among the five biodegradable films. The largest accumulation of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium in plants occurred in the bare plot, being significantly higher than in the mulched plots. The fresh yield, kernels per ear and 100-kernel mass were significantly larger in all mulched plots than in the bare plot. The yield per plot of the biodegradable films was higher than that of the conventional film, yet no difference existed between the biodegradable films and the conventional film in terms of kernels per ear and 100-kernel mass. Field observation revealed that the biodegradable films started losing integrity at approximately 20 days after application in the field. The earliest clear disappearance of film started at 90 days after application for M2. While the relatively slow degradation was found in M1 and M5, which were torn into separate subunits with roughly 10 cm cracks after 100 days of field exposure, reaching the 4th period of degradation. In sum, all the biodegradable films are capable of enhancing maize growth by improving soil temperature and even contribute a larger economic yield than the conventional film; moreover, the biodegradable films maintain stability for approximately 20 days after application in the field and disappear after 90100 days, demonstrating the applicable effectiveness for mulching as a substitute of the conventional film.

Benzo ［a］ pyrene (BaP) is a kind of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, which is recognized as one of the three major carcinogens found in foods. The source of BaP detected in vegetable oil are as follows: BaP may occur when oilseeds are dried, smoked and stir-fried; organic solvents used in the leaching process may have polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; oil heated over temperature or overtime in the process of production and cooking may produce BaP. The recommended national method for BaP determination in animal and vegetable fats and oils (GB/T 22509—2008) requires high experimental skills and long test time, making it difficult to guarantee the accuracy and repeatability of results. Besides, another standard on determination of BaP in foods (GB/T 5009.27—2003) is also complicated in sample pretreatment. In this study, a method for the determination of BaP in vegetable oil by solid phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (SPE-UPLC-FLD) with a large volume flow cell was established. Oil samples were purified by four kinds of commercial solid phase extraction cartridges to compare extraction effects. Besides, the four types of chromatographic columns used in UPLC were tested to analyze separation effects. Samples were cleaned and enriched by commercial solid phase extraction cartridges. Then, the elution was dried by rotary evaporation and then was dissolved with acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran (volume ratio, 9∶1) to a constant volume. Sample solution was separated by BEH Shield RP18 column (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (volume ratio, 70∶30) at the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Results showed that under the optimized conditions, a good linear relationship (r>0.999 993) was obtained in the range of 0.10110.1 μg/L Bap, with detection limit of 0.2 μg/kg. Recovery rates for four kinds of solid phase extraction cartridges were 91.0%106.9% in three spike levels, and relative standard deviations (RSD) were 1.4%9.6% (n=6). Sample analysis by UPLC was three times faster than HPLC. In conclusion, this method has many advantages such as simple pretreatment, good repeatability, high sensitivity, less solvent and so on, thus can be applied on the rapid qualitative analysis and accurate quantitative detection of BaP in vegetable oil.

Obesity has been reported as an increasingly prevalent and highly heritable health problem leading to increased risks for several common diseases. Human obesity can be induced by genetic factors such as loss-of-function mutations in individual genes. The products of these genes are essential for normal body mass regulation in both laboratory animals and humans. Nevertheless, the role of gene-environment interactions in the etiology of obesity cannot be ignored. Diet is a major factor of our current obesogenic environment, and the interests have been aroused in rodent models of diet-induced obesity (DIO). The SD (Sprague-Dawley) rat model of DIO was been reported to exhibit a clear segregation into susceptible and resistant subpopulations shortly after being transferred to a high energy diet. We established the obesity-susceptible (OS) and obesity-resistant (OR) rat model and examined the effect of butyric acid, a short chain fatty acid formed by fermentation in the large intestine, in the regulation of obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Male SD rats were divided into OS rats and OR rats after being fed with high fat diet for three weeks. Then both of them were fed with high fat diet for another 12 weeks. Measurements of body mass, body length, Lee’s index, and body mass index (BMI) were performed. After the rats were sacrificed, body fat content, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and serum leptin were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences in body mass, BMI, body fat content, TC, TG, LDL and serum leptin between OS rats and control rats. But there were no significant differences between OR rats and control rats. In the OS rats, sodium butyrate was administrated in the high-fat diet at the concentration of 8 mmol/L for 16 weeks. Body mass, body length, Lee’s index, BMI, body fat content, TC, TG, HDL, LDL and serum leptin were investigated both in obesity intervention with sodium butyrate (OI) group and obesity control (OC) group. The values of body mass, BMI, body fat content, TC, TG, LDL and serum leptin for OI rats were significantly lower than OC rats. But there were no significant differences between OC rats and normal control rats. In conclusion, the supplementation of sodium butyrate in the high-fat diet prevents the development of obesity in the obesity-susceptible SD rat.

During the course of compiling Flora of Wenzhou, several peculiar specimens collected from the region of Wenzhou in Zhejiang Province, cannot be classified into any species previously reported in Zhejiang Province. Based on further specimen investigations and morphological comparisons, those specimens were identified as Ampelopsis aconitifolia Bge. (Vitaceae), A. aconitifolia Bge. var. palmiloba (Carr.) Rehd. (Vitaceae), Neottia japonica (Bl.) Szlach. (Orchidaceae), Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Rhamnaceae), which were first recorded in Zhejiang Province. Meanwhile, two genera, Neottia Guett. (Orchidaceae) and Ziziphus Mill. (Rhamnaceae), were also first recorded in Zhejiang Province. In addition, A. aconitifolia and N. japonica were first reported in East China. The voucher specimens of all the four species were deposited at the herbarium of Wenzhou University (WZU), and the duplicate specimens of A. aconitifolia, A. aconitifolia var. palmiloba and Z. mauritiana were also preserved at the herbarium of Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences. These newly recorded plants enrich the content of flora in Zhejiang Province and provide fundamental materials for investigation of their geographical distributions in China.

Cunninghamia lanceolate is commonly considered to be one of the most important tree species for forest restoration and reconstruction in subtropical area of China, owing to its advantages of rapid growth, good quality and high yield per unit area. However, they also consume certain amount of water during the course of growth and play roles of ecological benefits. Therefore, quantitative research on tree water consumption characteristics by transpiration has become a hot issue in the field of tree physiological ecology in recent years.
Taking the C. lanceolata plantation in degraded red soil of Jiangxi Province as the research object, the log-sigmoid type function (tansig) of MATLAB toolbox was selected as the transmission function for the role of neurons. Four main factors including air temperature, relative air humidity, average net radiation and vapor pressure deficit were chosen as the input variables, and the sap flow velocity was selected as the output variable to train and examine the neural network model with Bayesian regularization algorithm and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The optimum network model of C. lanceolata sap flow velocity was built with the topological structure of 4-10-1.
Based on Bayesian regularization algorithm and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, good fitting results were obtained from the linear regression between predictive and measured values with correlation coefficients both higher than 0.93. The fitting accuracies of training samples were 83.57% and 83.06%, and the simulation accuracies of testing samples were 82.87% and 82.15% respectively.
Inconclusion the BP network model can well reflect the non-linear relationship between the meteorological factors and the sap flow velocity, thus may provide an effective tool for sustainable developing strategy of C. lanceolata plantations and scientific management of the associated water resource in the future.

Intensive confined livestock and poultry production systems generate large quantities of manure by-products, which have the potential for being recycled on agricultural land. Beneficial use through land application is based on their ability to alter favorably soil properties. However, protecting environmental quality is a major consideration when developing management practices are carried out to use effectively manure by-products as a nutrient resource and soil conditioner in agricultural production system. To date, most of the environmental problems associated with land application of manure by-products have centered on the contamination of groundwater and surface water with nitrogen and phosphorus. High concentration and high water solubility of phosphorus in animal manures have become a limiting factor for agricultural safety application of manures. Optimum use of these by-products requires the knowledge of their composition not only in relation to beneficial uses but also to environmental implications. To understand the chemical form of phosphorus in manures of large-scale livestock and poultry farms, and to seek the ways to stabilize phosphorus in manures, 92 manure samples were collected from representative large-scale farms in Zhejiang Province. The chemical forms of phosphorus in the manures were identified by the modified Hedley’s phosphorus fractionation. Six amendments, including alum, calcium carbonate, gypsum, fly ash and two soil materials, were used to test their effects on the stability of phosphorus in the manures. One pig manure sample was mixed separately with alum, calcium carbonate, gypsum, and the fly ash at the rates of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6%, and the two soil materials at the rates of 0%, 5% and 10%, and it was incubated at room temperature for 30 days. The incubated materials were analyzed for bio-available phosphorus (P), water extractable P and chemical forms of P. The results showed that the manures collected from Zhejiang Province had the characteristics of high phosphorus, high inorganic phosphorus ratio and high availability. The total phosphorus content in the manures ranged from 18.70 to 54.30 g/kg with a mean of 30.50 g/kg. Extractable inorganic phosphorus in the manures accounted for the total phosphorus up to 70.08%, averagely. Mean proportions of water soluble P, NaHCO3-P and HCl-P in total P were 20.03%, 29.59% and 22.93%, respectively. Meanwhile, the proportions of NaOH-P and residual P were only 14.64% and 12.81%. The incubation experiments indicated that all kinds of amendments had significant effects to stabilize phosphorus in the manure, and the effects increased with the increasing amount of amendments. The stability effects decreased in the order of alum>fly ash>calcium carbonate>soil material>gypsum. In conclusion, the application of the manures from large-scale livestock and poultry farms has a great environmental risk. It is suggested that the application rate of the manure should be limited based on allowable P loadings, and the addition of amendments, such as alum, calcium carbonate, gypsum, fly ash and soil materials, can stabilize P in the manures.

Soil erosion is one of the serious threats in many parts of the world. Comparing with dry land soil, little information is available on erosion from paddy field during storms. Soil and nutrient loss by erosion may significantly contribute to non-point source pollution. Thus, control of soil erosion in paddy field is of great significance for soil and water conservation. Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a generic chemistry term that refers to a broad class of compounds, and they are often used as soil conditioner. Significant sediment reductions have been observed in furrow irrigation when small amounts of PAM are applied in irrigation water. Early research has also indicated that cations can enhance the PAM performance in sediment reduction. Thus this study was to test the effect of different concentrations of PAM, Na+, and Ca2+ on sediment loss of a paddy soil (taxonomical name: silt-clayed yellow mottled paddy soil, and sampling location: 30°39′ N, 120°47′ E) by determining the soil particle concentrations in the suspensions through settling experiment at room temperature. The results indicated that when small amount of PAM (0.25 mm) increased as PAM application rate increased in all treatments. The optimal PAM application rate to reduce soil particle loss was about 5 mg/L, which could reduce the soil particle concentration in the suspension by 90% in 2 min. Adding cations could significantly change the effect of PAM on soil particle settlement. The cations’ ability to reduce soil loss and promote the settlement of soil particles was in the order of Ca2+ (0.005 mol/L)>Ca2+ (0.001 mol/L)>Na+ (0.01 mol/L)>Na+ (0.002 mol/L)>control (0 mol/L cation). The effect of Ca2+ was much greater than that of Na+ at the same charge density. It was also observed that, contradictory to the common belief, the ability of PAM to reduce soil loss and promote settlement of soil particles decreased when the cations were added to the soil suspension. In the presence of cations, more PAM was required to reduce the soil particle concentration in the suspension, and for the same cation, higher cation concentration required higher PAM addition rate to achieve the same result. The ability to reduce soil loss and promote the settlement of soil particles was in the order of PAM>［Na+ (0.002 mol/L)+PAM］>［Ca2+ (0.001 mol/L)+PAM］>［Na+ (0.01 mol/L)+PAM］>［Ca2+ (0.005 mol/L)+PAM］>control. No significant difference was observed in increasing the water-stable aggregates (>0.25 mm) among different cations added to the PAM treatment. In conclusion, both PAM and cations can promote flocculation of the soil particles in soil suspension to reduce the paddy soil loss when they are individually added, but the effect will be weakened when they are added together or with too high PAM concentration.

Dyes are widely and intensively used in leather, textile, paper, printing, cosmetic, plastic, food and pharmaceutical industries. Most of them pose serious threats to the environment because of their carcinogenic potential and cytotoxicity. Hence, effluents containing dye molecule must be treated to minimize the threat to the ecosystem. Adsorption has been found to be one of the prominent techniques for dye wastewater treatment considering cost and efficiency. While the main disadvantage of physical adsorption is its simple transfer of the dye molecules to another phase rather than complete destruction. Therefore, it is meaningful to find an efficient adsorbent and explore the synergistic effect of the prepared adsorbent by combining adsorption material with dye-biodegrading microorganisms. Methyl red was selected as model azo dyes in this study to investigate the biosorption behavior of newly produced chitosan-biochar microsphere, and meanwhile the enhancing effect of microsphere-microbe complex on removal of the dye was evaluted. To study the biosorption mechanism and capacity of chitosan-biochar microsphere for methyl red, the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were used to examine the system of methyl red and microsphere. The pesudo-first-order and pesudo-second-order models were used to describe the biosorption kinetics. Elovich equation and inter-diffusion model were applied to interpret the process of adsorption. In this work, artificial neural network (ANN) model was selected to analyze the parameters that affecting adsorption. The input layer had four neurons such as pH, initial dye concentration, temperature and adsorption time. The output layer had one neuron as adsorption capacity. Finally, degrading strain Bacillus sp. UN2 was immobilized by the microspheres to remove the methyl red in solutions, and the enhancing removal effect of microsphere-microbe complex for the dye was explored. The results showed that the chitosan-biochar microsphere was an efficient adsorbent, and the maximum biosorption capacity of 460 mg/g for methy red was observed under the initial dye concentration of 500 mg/L, pH 3.0 and 20 °C conditions. The data of biosorption were fitted with Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model successfully. The data based on Elovich equation and inter-diffusion mode proved the dominant status of adsorption against desorption. The values of thermo-dynamic parameters ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0 were －24.35 kJ/mol (30 ℃), －21.36 kJ/mol and 8.45 J/(mol?K) respectively. Therefore, the adsorption was a spontaneous, exothermic process, with inter-diffusion as the limiting step for biosorption of methyl red onto biosorbent. Artificial neural network model analysis indicated that the temperature appeared to be the most influential parameter for biosorption process with a relative importance of 32.76%, followed by adsorption time (25.56%), pH (23.36%) and initial dye concentration (18.32%). Immobilization with microsphere could improve the tolerance level of degrading strain Bacillus sp. UN2 in methyl red solution with high concentration, and the removal rate for methyl red was increased by 29% and 76% respectively by chitosan-biochar-microbe complex compared with chitosan-biochar microsphere and free strains alone. In conclusion, the newly produced chitosan-biochar microsphere is an efficient adsorption material for methyl red. The maximum biosorption capacity is better than ever reported. The adsorption is a spontaneous, exothermic process, with the inter-diffusion as the limiting step for biosorption of methyl red onto biosorbent. Temperature is the most influential parameter for biosorption process. Significantly enhancing adsorption effect is achieved when the chitosan-biochar microsphere immobilized the degrading strain Bacillus sp. UN2, which offers an environment-friendly and cost-competitive method to treat the dye pollution.

The neuronal protein 3.1 （P311）, also called PTZ17, is coded by the P311 gene, which is located in the porcine chromosome 2. The P311 is extensively distributed in the nervous and muscular systems and had the functions in myofibroblast differentiation and alveolar generation processes. It is also closely related to the fat deposition. The 3′ flanking region doesnt code for protein, but it can affect the phenotype by some ways, such as the regulation of the degradation and translation rates of the mRNA. The research on the polymorphisms of the 3′ flanking region in the porcine P311 gene is still rare. The aim of the study was to identify the length polymorphisms of the 3′ flanking region in the porcine P311 gene and to conduct association analysis between the polymorphisms and the meat traits in order to find some efficient polymorphic loci for the breeding of high quality pigs with good meat traits. In this research, 54 Laiwu pigs and 40 Lulai pigs were chosen and slaughtered. The ear and Longissimus dorsi samples were collected for DNA extraction and meat traits determination. The extracted DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and the products were used to detect the polymorphic type with the method of single strand conformation polymorphism （SSCP） and sequencing. The meat traits were estimated in nine aspects including water loss, cooking loss, tenderness, pH1, pHμ, meat color score, marbling score, drip loss and intramuscular fat (IMF) content. All the data collected were analyzed using the SPSS 13.0 and R software. The results showed that there were both two kinds of polyA numbers in the two loci of polyA-L1 and polyA-L2. The polyA numbers in the polyA-L1 and polyA-L2 loci were 18, 15 and 15, 12, respectively, and the genotypes were termed as MM, NN, MN in the polyA-L1 locus and BB, DD, BD in the polyA-L2 locus. The preponderant allele in the polyA-L1 locus in both of the two breeds was M allele, and the genotype frequency was MM>MN>NN. In the polyA-L2 locus, the preponderant allele in the Laiwu pig was B allele and the genotype frequency was BD>BB>DD, but in the Lulai pig, the gene frequencies of the two alleles were equal and the genotype frequency was BD>BB=DD. The heterozygosity index showed that the heterozygosity of the polyA-L2 locus in the two breeds was higher than that of the polyA-L1 locus. The results of chi-square test demonstrated that the two polymorphic loci in the Laiwu and Lulai populations both fitted the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium situation （P>0.05）. The polymorphic distributions between the two breeds showed no statistically significant differences at the two loci. In the polyA-L1 locus of the two breeds, none of the nine meat traits differed significantly among the three genotypes of MM, MN and NN, but the data displayed a trend that the performances of the MN genotype were better than those of the MM and NN genotypes. The IMF content, pH1 and marbling score of the MN genotype were the highest and its drip loss and cooking loss were the lowest within the three genotypes. At the same time, the shear force value of MN genotype was lower than that of MM genotype. Among the three polymorphic types of BB, BD and DD in the polyA-L2 locus, significant differences were found in water loss and cooking loss in the Lulai population （P<0.05）. The performances of the heterozygote were lower than those of the two homozygotes with no significant differences detected in other conditions. In the Laiwu population, the performances of DD genotype were the worst among the three genotypes, for its IMF, pH1 and pHμ were the lowest while the cooking loss and drip loss were the highest. In the Lulai population, the BD genotype performed the best for its highest IMF, pH1, pHμ and marbling score, and the lowest cooking loss and water loss. It is concluded that the two breeds with different genotypes in the two loci show different meat traits and the heterozygotes display better than the homozygotes in some indexes, such as cooking loss, drip loss, marbling score and IMF content. As a result, hybridization should be widely used in practice to obtain the ideal heterozygotes with better meat traits.