Discuss on scientific construction of ecological risk assessment methods in the high background areas of soil heavy metals

doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2021.03.011

Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)

2022, Vol. 48

Issue (1): 57-67 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2021.03.011

Resource utilization & environmental protection

Discuss on scientific construction of ecological risk assessment methods in the high background areas of soil heavy metals

Fugui ZHANG^1,^2,^3,⁴(

),Xiaomeng CHENG^1,^2,³,Honghong MA^1,^2,³,Binbin SUN^1,^2,³,Min PENG^1,^2,³

^1.Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
^2.Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
^3.Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth’s Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
^4.College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China

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Abstract

In order to scientifically identify and evaluate the soil heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in the background area with high heavy metal contents, 309 sets of maize and rhizosphere soil samples were collected in Hezhen Town of Hezhang County of Guizhou Province, and 20 maize samples from different parts of roots, stems and leaves were collected. The contents of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed in topsoil and maize samples. Also, speciations of heavy metals in the rhizosphere soil samples were analyzed (Cr was not measured). The results showed that the contents of heavy metals in the soils were relatively high, and the averages were remarkably higher than the national soil background value (NBV), and the content of Cd element was nearly seven times higher than the NBV. The soil was mainly acidic, and the ecological risk was high based on the total amount of heavy metals. Speciation analysis indicated that heavy metals (As, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) mainly existed in the forms of strong organic binding state and residual state, with low bioavailability, and the bioavailability of Cd was high. The ecological risk was mainly caused by Cd based on speciation of heavy metals. In the soil-corn system, the bioconcentration factors and translocation factors were both low, so heavy metals were difficult to be enriched in the corn. The contents of heavy metals in corn seeds did not exceed the standard, and the crops were safe. The above results provide a theoretical basis for further studying the migration and transformation law of heavy metals in rock-soil-gas-biota media, integrating geology, pedology and biology to establish a unified standard, and scientifically evaluating the ecological environment risk and health risk.

Key words： soil heavy metal ecological risk assessment speciation soil contamination high background area

Received: 01 March 2021 Published: 04 March 2022

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Corresponding Authors: Fugui ZHANG E-mail: zfugui@mail.cgs.gov.cn

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Cite this article:

Fugui ZHANG,Xiaomeng CHENG,Honghong MA,Binbin SUN,Min PENG. Discuss on scientific construction of ecological risk assessment methods in the high background areas of soil heavy metals. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2022, 48(1): 57-67.

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https://www.zjujournals.com/agr/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2021.03.011 OR https://www.zjujournals.com/agr/Y2022/V48/I1/57

科学构建土壤重金属高背景区生态风险评价方法的探讨

为了科学地识别和评价重金属含量高背景区中土壤重金属污染情况和生态风险，在贵州省赫章县河镇乡采集玉米及其对应的根系土样品309组，并采集20件玉米根茎叶不同部位样品，测定其砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、汞（Hg）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）和锌（Zn）8种重金属含量，根系土样品还分析了各重金属的形态（Cr未测）。研究发现：土壤重金属含量较高，表层土壤中8种重金属含量平均值远超过全国表层土壤背景值，Cd元素含量超出全国表层土壤背景值近7倍，土壤以酸性土为主，从重金属全量来看，研究区生态风险很高；土壤重金属As、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn多以强有机结合态和残渣态形式存在，生物有效性较低，Cd的有效态组分较高。基于土壤重金属形态的生态风险统计结果显示，研究区生态风险主要是由Cd引起的，需要加强这部分土地的监管。在土壤-玉米系统中，生物富集系数和转运系数均较低，重金属难以在玉米中富集，玉米籽实中重金属含量不超标，农作物重金属等级评价为安全级。本结果为进一步研究重金属元素在岩-土-气-生介质间迁移转化规律，融合地质学、土壤学和生物学分析建立统一标准，科学评价生态环境风险和健康风险奠定了理论基础。

关键词： 土壤重金属, 生态风险评价, 形态, 土壤污染, 高背景区

Fig. 1 Sampling points and geological sketch map in the study area

Table 1 Classification criteria of geoaccumulation index (I_geo)

Table 2 Statistics of heavy metal contents in the topsoil samples

Fig. 2 Chemical forms of heavy metals in the soil samples

Table 3 Percentage of different chemical forms of heavy metals in the soil samples

Table 4 Descriptive statistics of heavy metal contents in maize organs collected from the study area

Table 5 Class distribution of I_geo for heavy metals in the topsoils

Fig. 3 Classification criteria of ecological risks of soil heavy metal speciations^[30]

Table 6 Class distribution of heavy metal speciation in the topsoils

Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of comprehensive ecological risks of heavy metal speciations in the study area

Table 7 Descriptive statistics of the BCF and TF of heavy metals in the study area


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