A novel approach to interpret the outputs of multi-class support vector machines is proposed in this paper. Using the geometrical interpretation of the classifying heperplane and the distance of the pattern from the hyperplane, one can calculate the posterior probability in binary classification case. This paper focuses on the probability output in multi-class phase where both the one-against-one and one-against-rest strategies are considered. Experiment on the speaker verification showed that this method has high performance.

The research work on Web-based long-distance data acquisition (DAQ) is valuable for application to tele-detection machine faults. With an expert system for machine fault detection, faults in a distantly located machine can be diagnosed through the internet. The distant user logs on to the expert system Web page, fills in the requirements, and starts-up the diagnose process. The system then connects to the DAQ server that is installed in the machine, samples data required for diagnoses through the internet, and sends back diagnose results. In such a long-distance system, Web-based DAQ plays an important role by automatic sampling and transferring of data through the internet. We have built an experimental data acquisition system using a National Instruments AT-MIO-16E-10 board running under Ch language environment. In this experimental example, the user can acquire data online. The principle of this experimental method is introduced in this paper. A detailed programming technique is described with an example.

In view of the risk of E-commerce and the response of the insurance industry to it, this paper is aimed at one important point of insurance, that is, estimation of financial loss ratio, which is one of the most difficult problems facing the E-insurance industry. This paper proposes a quantitative analyzing model for estimating E-insurance financial loss ratio. The model is based on gross income per enterprise and CSI/FBI computer crime and security survey. The analysis results presented are reasonable and valuable for both insurer and the insured and thus can be accepted by both of them. What we must point out is that according to our assumption, the financial loss ratio varied very little, 0.233% in 1999 and 0.236% in 2000 although there was much variation in the main data of the CSI/FBI survey.

Novel homo-dinuclear silicon bridged cyanoethyl cyclopentadienyl complexes of titanium and zirconium (CH₃)₂Si((η⁵−C₅H₃CH₂CH₂CN)(C₅H₅)MCl₂)₂ (M=Ti(1), Zr(2)) were synthesized and developed for the polymerization of ethylene. Compared with their corresponding mononuclear complexes (η⁵−C₅H₄CH₂CH₂CN)(C₅H₅)MCl₂ (M=Ti(3), Zr(4)), the dinuclear complexes had higher catalytic activity. And the polyethylene produced had a higher molecular weight than that obtained K7with mononuclear catalysts. Effects of conditions on the ethylene polymerization catalyzed by (2)/MAO (methylaluminoxane) were studied in detail. The catalyst showed a very high activity (>10⁶ g PE/mol Zr·h) under low catalyst concentration and high molar ratio of Al/Zr.

A mathematical model of the dynamic behavior of countercurrent chromatography was proposed, and the model parameters, including the partition coefficient, the axial dispersion coefficient, the intraparticle diffusion coefficient and the external mass ransfer coefficient were calculated by the method of chromatogram moment analysis. Comparison of the experimental chromatograms of caffeine and theophylline determined in this work with the simulated curves computed by the proposed model showed fairly good agreement. Further, the difference between the average identified the partition coefficients by chromatogram moment analysis and the experimental values was small also, and the relationship between the external mass transfer rate and the linear velocity was similar to that obtained with solid-liquid chromatography.

A k-ε-k_p multi-fluid model was used to simulate confined swirling gas-solid two phase jet comprised of particle-laden flow from a center tube and a swirling air stream entering the test section from the coaxial annular. After considering the drag force between the two phases and gravity, a series of numerical simulations of the two-phase flow of 30 μm, 45 μm, 60 μm diameter particles were performed on a x×r=50×50 mesh grid respectively. The results showed that the k-ε-k_p multi-fluid model can be applied to predict moderate swirling multi-phase flow. When the particle diameter is large, the collision of the particles with the wall will influence the prediction accuracy. The bigger the diameter of the particles, the stronger the collision with the wall, and the more obvious the difference between measured and calculated results.

The temperature distribution in the advanced thermoset composite during the laser curing process was predicted with the use of the two-dimensional thermo-chemical model presented in this paper which also gives the governing equations based on the thermal history of the curing process. The finite-difference method was used to get the temperature distribution. This paper also deals with the effect of some factors (such as the winding velocity, the tape thickness and the laser heat source) on the temperature distribution.

A three-dimensional finite element model was established for a large span concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge which is currently under construction. The arch rib, the spandrel columns, the prestressed concrete box-beam, the cast-in-situ concrete plate of bridge deck, the steel box-beam and the crossbeams connecting the two pieces of arch ribs, were modeled by three-dimensional Timoshenko beam elements (3DTBE). The suspenders were modeled by three-dimensional cable elements (3DCE). Both geometric nonlinearity and prestress effect could be included in each kind of element. At the same time a second finite element model with the same geometric and material properties excepted for the sectional dimension of arch rib was set up. Static dynamic analyses were performed to determine the corresponding characteristics of the structure. The results showed that the arch rib\'s axial rigidity could be determined by static analysis. The stability and vibration of this system could be separated into in-plane modes, out-of-plane modes and coupled modes. The in-plane stability and dynamic characteristics are determined by the arch rib\'s vertical stiffness and that of out-of-plane is determined by the crossbeams\' stiffness and arch rib\'s lateral stiffness mainly. The in-plane stiffness is much greater than that of out-of-plane for this kind of bridge . The effect of geometric nonlinearity and prestress effect on bridge behavior is insignificant.

The process of hydration and solidification of young concrete has significant effect on the long term strength and durability of concrete. The electrical property of concrete provides a direct and practical method for monitoring and investigating the hydration process of young concrete. This study developed an advanced system for measurement of electrical parameters, used to study the electrical properties of young concrete. The test results provided the electric parameters for concretes with different water binder ratios and different mineral admixture incorporations. The variations and characteristics of the measured electrical parameters were closely related to the physical and chemical properties of young concrete. These parameters were used to analyze and study the hydration process of young concrete.

The main thrust of this research was to determine the effectiveness of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) powder in enhancing the durability of short GFRC materials. Accelerated aging of the materials was achieved through low-pressure steam curing in a moist chamber. The strength and ductility of GFRC were measured by the direct tension test, which showed that incorporation of PVA powder into GFRC could improve its mechanical behaviour and turn it from brittle to ductile. To investigate the mechanism of the tensile strength enhancement, the fiber-matrix interface was examined by polarizing optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). It was found that PVA powder tended to migrate to the fiber-matrix interfacial zone and thus prevented the accumulation of calcium hydroxide in this area. PVA film around the fiber resulted in a more ductile interfacial microstructure and better bonding between fiber and matrix, which should be responsible for enhancing the tensile property and preventing the aging of GFRC. Furthermore, PVA powder reduced the microhardness and brittleness at the interface.

Modern concretes often incorporate several chemical admixtures to alter the properties of fresh or hardened concrete. In this work, the influences of three types of chemical admixtures, calcium nitrite inhibitor (CNI), retarder (D-17) and superplasticizer (W-19) on free shrinkage and restrained shrinkage cracking of high performance concrete were experimentally investigated. The test results showed that, with the same water to binder ratio (0.4), mixtures containing D-17 of 0.25 percent or higher ratio of W-19 (2.76 percent) all exhibited a reduction in free shrinkage and shrinkage cracking width. However, the incorporations of various ratios of CNI into mixtures led to an increase in free shrinkage and shrinkage cracking width as compared to control mixture. In order to study the influence of CNI, the microstructure of concrete mixture containing CNI were investigated by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry as well as Scanning Electronic Microscopy(SEM) technique.

A novel β-PbO₂ anode modified with fluorine resin was developed for typical pollutant electrocatalytic degradation and wastewater treatment. Various operating parameters such as applied voltage (3.5-10.5 V), pH (2-6), salinity of the electrolyte (0.5-2 g/L K₂SO₄) and initial phenol concentration (100-400 mg/L) were investigated to explore the electrocatalytic ability of the anode by taking phenol as sample. A preliminary study on dyeing wastewater treatment by this method indicated that the biodegradability could be increased to suit subsequent biological treatment. The stability of the anode has been proved to be high against acidity. The anode showed promising application for treatment of wastewater, especially of high salinity and high acidity wastewater.

A part of the heavy metals in estuary and coastal zone occurs naturally in the environment; the other part is due to human activity; so the directly measured concentration of heavy metal does not automatically indicate anthropogenic enrichment. Fe₂O₃ was used in this study as conservative tracer to distinguish natural components from anthropogenic components of heavy metal sediment concentration in the Zhujiang estuary. Compared with clay and Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ is more suitable as reference element. The final results showed that two zones in the Zhujiang estuary were seriously contaminated by heavy metals. One nearby the Humen mouth; the other around the west coast of the estuary. The horizontal distribution of heavy metals indicates that Zn, Ni and Cu have wider contaminating areas than TiO₂, V and Cr in the estuary.

Based on the results of study on regional water supply system, water quality assessments, Quaternary aquifers investigation, and correlation analysis of groundwater depression resulting from land subsidence in the Hang-Jia-Hu Quaternary Plain, this paper presents the groundwater resources policy and sustainable management methods suitable for this area. Suggestions for controlling land subsidence by implementation of wise groundwater policy and management measures are also given.

This work systematically investigates the effects of wheat-straw/corn-stalk mulch on the ecological environment in upland crops (winter wheat, summer corn) field from 1997 to 1998. With and without mulch soil moisture distribution, water demand, day and night variation of soil temperature, weeds control, crop yields, water and soil conservation, as well as improvement of soil texture were experimentally investigated. The optimal mulch rate for both water saving and yield-increase was determined. Ineffective interplant evaporation can be turned into effective transpiration of leaf by application of wheat-straw/corn-stalk mulch, which enhances the utility factor of soil moisture and reduces irrigation norm, and may also regulate soil temperature, increase soil fertility, and improve soil texture after being returned to the field. Wheat-straw/corn-stalk mulch inhibits evaporation of moisture so that accumulation of salinity near the soil surface is prevented, and thus ameliorates salinization of land. In the region of severe soil erosion, mulch is used to cover land so as to forestall hydraulic and wind erosion of the soil.

Genome segments S8 of two Chinese isolates of rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), one from Zhejiang Province and another from Hebei Province, were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Both segments consisted of 1936 nts in full length (EMBL accession numbers were AJ297431 and AJ297432, respectively) and contained only one big open reading frame which encoded a polypeptide with molecular weight of 68kD. The two Chinese isolates shared 94.0% and 96.5% identity at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. They shared 94.5-94.9% and 92.5-92.9% homology with S8 of RBSDV Japanese isolate at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively; shared 85.1-87.6% and 91.7-91.9% homology with S7 of Italian MRDV (maize rough dwarf virus).

This study on the effect of land use on soil quality in relation to forms and toxicity of aluminum in red soils (Ultisol) in southeast China showed that in general, the extractable order for soil active aluminum by four extractants was: NaOH 0.5 mol/L > HCl 1 mol/L > NH₄Ac 1 mol/L > KCl 1 mol/L. Different uses of the red soils, developed from Quarternary red clay with the similar hydrogeological environment, greatly affected the amount of active aluminum, especially the exchangeable Al³⁺. The order of exchangeable Al³⁺ (Al mg/kg) in the red soils with different land uses was: barren land (740) > tea garden (663) > peach garden (432) > citrus garden (234) > paddy soil (127). The content of water soluble aluminum in the red soils was highly sensitive to soil acidity.

A series of laboratory and pot experiments carried out to examine the role of soil microbial biomass in red soils\' nitrogen availability and productivity showed that soil available N (N_A), dry matter yield (DMY) of ryegrass, and plant uptake of nitrogen were each closely correlated with microbial biomass-C (C_mic) or -N (N_mic), suggesting that soil microbial biomass is a very important nitrogen pool available to plants in red soils. After correction for the substrate effect, the computed turnover of the N_mic in three tested soils ranged from 63 to 250 days. Soils with low N_mic or light texture generally had higher N_mic turnover rate than those with high N_mic or heavy texture. These results showed that soils with low N_mic, microbial biomass could also play an important role in the availability of nitrogen to plants due to these soils\' high turnover rate.

Hydroponic experiments conducted to examine the chromiun uptake by C. communis in the presence of different Cr concentrations (Cr⁶⁺ 100 and 200 mg/L, respectively) and free histidine supplementation (0.5 and 1.0 mol/L) showed that shoot and root growth of C. communis decreased greatly with increasing Cr concentrations in the medium; and that the species was a typical excluder since it accumulated high concentrations of Cr in roots but comparatively low concentrations in shoots. Chromium in shoots and roots of Cr₄^2--supplied plants ranged from 329-1880 and 3788-4240 mg/kg DW, respectively, while those of Cr₄^2--histidine-supplied plants ranged from 478 to 629 mg/kg and 4157-4303 mg/kg DW, respectively. With Cr present in the hydroponic solution, C. communis accumulated more Cr in its tissues. Increasing histidine application to the solution significantly increased chromium accumulation in the plant tissues but could not alter the accumulation pattern of plants although it induced a higher concentration of Cr in its shoots and roots. These features suggested that C. communis may serve as an alternative species in a constructed wetland for phytoextraction treatment of Cr-containing wastewater and for phytostabilization of Cr mining spoils.

In the search for a rapid and reliable method for identification of bacteria in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, we developed a unified set of primers and used them under polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the spacer regions between the 16s and 23s genes in the prokaryotic rRNA genetic loci. Spacer regions within these loci showed a significant level of length and sequence polymorphism across most of the species lines. A generic pair of priming sequences was selected from highly conserved sequences in the 16s and 23s genes occurring adjacent to these polymorphic regions. This single set of primers and reaction conditions were used for the amplification of the 16s-23s spacer regions for 61 strains of standard bacteria and corresponding clinical isolates belonging to 20 genera and 27 species, including Listeria, Staphylococcus and Salmonella species, et al. When the spacer amplification products were resolved by electrophoresis, the resulting patterns could be used to distinguish most of the bacteria species within the test group, and the amplification products of the clinical isolates clustered at the standard species level. Some species presenting similar pattern were further analyzed by HinfI or AluI digestion or DNA clone and sequences analysis in order to establish the specific 16s-23s rRNA gene spacer regions map. Analysis of 42 blood specimens from septicemic neonates and 6 CSF specimens from suspected purulent meningitis patients by bacterial culture and PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fregament Length Polymorphism) showed that 15 specimens of blood culture were positive (35.7%) in the 42 septicemic neonates; 27 specimens were positive (64.2%) by PCR, and that the positive rate by PCR was significantly higher than that by blood culture (P<0.01). Among the 6 CSF specimens, one specimen found positive by blood culture was also positive by PCR, two found negative by blood culture showed positive by PCR; all three were S. epidermidis according to the DNA map. One C. neoformans found positive by blood culture showed negative by PCR. The remaining two specimens were both negative by PCR and blood culture. These results indicated that the method of detecting bacterial 16s-23s rRNA spacer regions using PCR and RFLP techniques was rapid, sensitive and specific in the detection of bacterial infections; and so, has very important application in the clinical diagnosis of sepsis in neonates.

This study was aimed to investigate the level of sEGF in CAG with different therapies of either Chinese traditional medicine or western medicine. Patients were divided into spleen-reinforcing I, spleen-reinforcing II, dampness-resolving and western medicine group by Differentiation Syndrome. Healthy volunteers acted as controls. The sEGF was investigated before and after treatment. The level of sEGF in CAG was higher than that in control group (P<0.01). In patients of spleen-reinforcing I group and spleen-reinforcing II group, the symptoms and pathological manifestations were improved dramatically (P<0.01) and sEGF dropped markedly after treatment (P<0.01 and P<0.05).The level of sEGF in the dampness-resolving group increased after treatment (P<0.05). But the level of sEGF in the western-medicine group dropped a little after treatment (P>0.05). The inflammation of gastric mucosa may cause the elevation of sEGF in CAG reflectively. After being effectively treated with Chinese traditional medicine, the symptoms of CAG improved simultaneously with the return of sEGF. SEGF is a sensitive index to prognosis of CAG.

This study was aimed at evaluating the daily vitamin intakes of senile diabetics whose diets were self-selected in order to apply the data obtained to prevent and treat senile Type 2 diabetics effectively. The daily vitamin intakes of 43 Type 2 diabetics (group A) and 43 healthy non-diabetics (group B) as revealed by their answer to a questionnaire were evaluated by computer analysis and compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). The data obtained in this study showed that the daily vitamin B1 and B2 intakes in both groups were obviously low, less the 50% of RDA; and that in group A was lower than that in group B. The daily intakes of vitamin E and A were significantly different between group A and group B (P<0.01 for vitamin E and P<0.05 for vitamin A). So the vitamin intakes of the senile diabetics with their self-selected diets were inadequate. The author suggests that it is necessary to give a scientific guide for the diets of senile diabetics. If the vitamin intake from foods is inadequate, vitamin supplements should be given to prevent complications.