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Vis Inf  2017, Vol. 1 Issue (2): 92-105    DOI: 10.1016/j.visinf.2017.11.001
论文     
基于眼睛跟踪的散点图和平行坐标可视化的比较
Comparative eye-tracking evaluation of scatterplots and parallel coordinates
Rudolf Netzela, Jenny Vuongb, Ulrich Engelkeb, Seán O’Donoghueb,  Daniel Weiskopfa, Julian Heinrichc
a Visualization Research Center (VISUS), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
b Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)(Sydney, Hobart), Australia
c University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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摘要:

背景:我们研究了散点图(笛卡尔坐标)和平行坐标可视化方法的工作效能和读取特性。

实验:在一项受控的眼睛跟踪实验中,我们要求24名参与者按不同的图示类型(平行坐标或水平方向的散点集合)、数据的维度(2,4,6或8)和点之间的相对距离 (15%, 20%, or 25%)。来估计多维空间中点之间的相对距离。给定一个参考点和两个目标点,我们先告知参与者在多维空间中选择更接近参考点的目标点。贡献:本文提出一个可视扫描模型,它描述了在两种图示类型中找出目标点的不同策略,并以任务完成时间,准确性和注视位置作为因变量,给出了我们试验得出的相关推断。

结论:在二维空间中散点图示方法明显优于平行坐标,而在八维空间中采用平行坐标可以更快、更准确地完成任务。在笛卡尔坐标和平行坐标之间以及不同维度的空间之间,眼睛跟踪数据显示出显著差异。对于平行坐标,随着空间维度的增加,所需的扫视时间更长而定位时间更短。基于AOI的方法,我们为每种图示类型确定了不同的读取策略:对于平行坐标,参与者的视线应频繁地在不同的轴对之间来回检视,而对笛卡尔坐标,不必将视线聚焦在轴上。

关键词: 平行坐标散点图笛卡尔坐标眼睛跟踪受控的实验室用户测试    
Abstract:
We investigate task performance and reading characteristics for scatterplots (Cartesian coordinates) and parallel coordinates. In a controlled eye-tracking study, we asked 24 participants to assess the relative distance of points in multidimensional space, depending on the diagram type (parallel coordinates or a horizontal collection of scatterplots), the number of data dimensions (2, 4, 6, or 8), and the relative distance between points (15%, 20%, or 25%). For a given reference point and two target points, we instructed participants to choose the target point that was closer to the reference point in multidimensional space. We present a visual scanning model that describes different strategies to solve this retrieval task for both diagram types, and propose corresponding hypotheses that we test using task completion time, accuracy, and gaze positions as dependent variables. Our results show that scatterplots outperform parallel coordinates significantly in 2 dimensions, however, the task was solved more quickly and more accurately with parallel coordinates in 8 dimensions. The eye-tracking data further shows significant differences between Cartesian and parallel coordinates, as well as between different numbers of dimensions. For parallel coordinates, there is a clear trend toward shorter fixations and longer saccades with increasing number of dimensions. Using an area-of-interest (AOI) based approach, we identify different reading strategies for each diagram type: For parallel coordinates, the participants’ gaze frequently jumped back and forth between pairs of axes, while axes were rarely focused on when viewing Cartesian coordinates. We further found that participants’ attention is biased: toward the center for parallel coordinates and skewed to the center/left side of the plot for Cartesian coordinates. We anticipate that these results may support the design of more effective visualizations for multidimensional data.
Key words: Parallel coordinates    Scatterplots    Cartesian coordinates    Eye tracking    Controlled laboratory user study
出版日期: 2017-12-22
基金资助: We would like to thank the Carl-Zeiss-Foundation (Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung) and the German Research Foundation (DFG) for financial support within project B01 of SFB/Transregio 161.
通讯作者: Rudolf Netzel     E-mail: rudolf.netzel@visus.uni-stuttgart.de
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引用本文:

Rudolf Netzel, Jenny Vuong, Ulrich Engelke, Seán O’Donoghue, Daniel Weiskopf, Julian Heinrich. Comparative eye-tracking evaluation of scatterplots and parallel coordinates. Vis Inf, 2017, 1(2): 92-105.

链接本文:

http://www.zjujournals.com/vi/CN/10.1016/j.visinf.2017.11.001        http://www.zjujournals.com/vi/CN/Y2017/V1/I2/92

20171222105741  
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