The epitaph of Lu Gongliang and his wife is a special shaped one newly collected by Qiantangzhizhai Museum. It is important as a cultural relic as well as for the academic research.As for the shape and structure, it is a turtle-shaped epitaph. There are only four turtle-shaped epitaphs still existing. The first one is Yuan Xianjuan's epitaph of the Northern Wei Dynasty;the second one is Hao Zhe's epitaph of the Sui Dynasty;the third one is Jingwang Li Shou's epitaph of the Tang Dynasty;and the last one is Lu Gongliang and his wife's epitaph. In addition, this one is made for two people, different from the ones made for other couples on the both sides of which there are separate epitaphs and covers for both people. As for the family, it is a concentrated embodiment of distinguished clan and marriages in the Tang Dynasty. Although the official positions of Lu Gongliang's ancestors and Lu himself were not very high, they also acquired significant social positions and stable marriage relationships, due to the distinguished clan culture and impeccable family traditions. It is noteworthy that Lu Gongliang and his wife Cui Shi are cousins, their marriage belongs to a common consanguineous marriage type frequently seen among distinguished families in the Tang Dynasty:a typical social phenomenon called Yin Bu Shi Qin.As for the imperial examination, it mentions the Changqing first year imperial examination case, which is a vital event in the Tang Dynasty, concerning politics, literature and culture. This epitaph is not only a record of Lu Gongliang's life story, but also a contribution to the further study on this imperial examination case. As for literature, Lu Gongliang was an influential literator of literal creation at that time. However, there is no existence at all of one piece of his creation up to now. It is a common phenomenon at the handwritten time when printing had neither been invented nor widely spread. According to this epitaph, we can partly understand his literary achievement, which has a certain meaning of literary history. As for the writers, the epitaph is written by Yin Yaofan, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, and the inscription, a distinctive article form, is written by Lu Gongliang's younger brother, Lu Han. On the whole, Lu Gongliang's experiences of being an official recorded in the epitaph supplement the missing historical records of this period of time and help the researchers cast a new light on the political background of the factional political struggles in the middle-and-late Tang Dynasty. The epitaph of Lu Gongliang and his wife has momentous cognitive value and enlightening significance, in terms of the shape and structure, the article form, the content implication and the writing frame.

Combining the research on fu and the epitaph can help us collate the lost Tang fu based on the epitaph. It is also an approach to studying how the people in Tang dynasty wrote fu for an epitaph. The association between fu and the epitaph will be discussed in four parts in this paper.The first part focuses on collating the literature of Tang fu based on a study of the newly unearthed epitaphs, among which over 10 are related to works of fu and their authors. Collating the literature on Tang fu gives us some information on the amount of fu written by Tang litterateurs, the style of fu, the spread of fu to the surrounding areas, and the period of time when terms of fu criticism came into being. For example, after studying Xie Guan's self-composed epitaph, we can conclude that lüfu(a form of literary style)emerged in the mid and late Tang Dynasty. The second part discusses the phenomenon that the epitaphs of Tang dynasty borrowed a lot from the works of fu in pre-Tang. The themes of these works fall under three categories:lament, homeboundness, and unrecognized talent. Lament was the author's purpose of writing an epitaph. It was a way to commemorate deceased relatives and friends. It was also the embodiment of culture. Like the motivation of writing an epitaph, the fu writer might use the allusions and historical facts of lament, especially in memory of the love between a couple. The writers often used the allusions of Pan Yue to express their sad feelings. Homeboundness and unrecognized talent were different. The former was an ideal state of life, while the latter expressed helpless sorrow. When describing the state of homeboundness, the writer tended to quote Zhang Heng's Guitian Fu and Pan Yue's Xianju Fu. When describing the unrecognized talent, they tended to relate it to Diao Quyuan Fu and Funiao Fu.The third part focuses on the phenomenon that the epitaph adopted the writing style of fu. The style of fu is found in the structure of the overall text and the sentences. As far as the overall structure is concerned, the epitaph is similar to fu in its use of conjunctions and modal particles. But when it comes to literary form, the epitaph is made up of lots of four-six-word sentences and Xi sentences. The four-sixword sentence is typical of the Parallel style, while the Xi sentence is typical of the Sao style. Based on the examples of the Pre-Tang fu, a reasonable assumption is that the epitaphs using these two kinds of sentences were inspired by the Pianfu and Saofu. The fourth part discusses the reasons why the epitaphs borrowed the allusions and writing techniques of pre-Tang fu. Firstly, the function of fu is similar to that of the epitaph: the writers can both become immortal in their work. Secondly, the system of selecting scholars by their poetry and fu had a certain degree of influence on the scholars. To have a brighter future, the scholars practiced and perfected their skills. Thirdly, from the perspective of stylistics, fu was valued more highly than other styles. Fu's aesthetic value is much more obvious than the epitaph and has certain reference value for the epitaph. In addition, fu was an elegant literary style that highly accorded with the purpose of an epitaph's as it pays tribute to the memory of the tomb owner, and there was also the possibility that the writers wanted to show off their scholarship through the epitaphs.

General Record of Imperial Examination Success in the Song Dynasty(herein after referred to as the General Record)is a fundamental research on the imperial examination of the Song Dynasty. With information of over 118 placards and 40 thousand scholars who were raised to the rankings in the Song Dynasty and more than 10 million words, this newly published book is at present the largest database of the elites in the Song Dynasty. The 40 thousand scholars who made arduous efforts and passed the imperial examination were social elites who played important roles in Chinese politics, military affairs, economy and culture. They could not be ignored if we want to know or make a study of political history, intellectual history, military history, history of education, history of literature, and social history of the Song Dynasty. The biographical data of the book are composed for all the scholars we can find who were raised to the rankings, offering documentary evidence and covering multiple information as follows:Chinese style name and alternative name, native place, whether there were officers among one's family members in three generations or not, the particular year in which a scholar was raised to a ranking, the initial official position, successive official positions, the highest official position or the last official position and the posthumous title. The General Record builds retrievable profiles for those who raised to rankings during the Song Dynasty, and it contains a large number of stored multiple information which make further multi-angle researches possible. The researches such as the openness and mobility of the bureaucratic origins, the area distribution of Presented Scholars during three hundred years of the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination and the regional economy, the imperial examination and the vicissitude of the imperial examination families, the imperial examination and local culture and education can be different according to various requirements.The General Record is a new dynamic to the imperial examination research. For the vicissitude of the imperial examination families, educational circles have been paying close attention to the prominent families such as Sun Clan of Meishan, Zeng Clan of Nanfeng, Chao Clan of Chanzhou, Ge Clan of Jiangyin, Han Clan of Yongqiu, Chong Clan, Yu Clan who relied on the imperial examination, moral, and articles to maintain their prosperity for a long time. And readers can discover a net of figure relationship by obtaining information about imperial examination families, relatives and in-laws from the General Record. Thus, solid evidence is furnished to explain the formation of the imperial examination society in the Song Dynasty. The main form of former researches were case studies, but by using this book, we can sort out the imperial examination family materials in a more systematic way and discuss the space distribution characteristics of those families, their vicissitudes, and the distinctions among them. If combined with regional development study, the research will be transferred from a static regional distribution research to a dynamic regional development study. For the distribution of Presented Scholars during the Song Dynasty, the book was made up in chronological order as well as region catalogs. When uniting the two methods above, in another word, by combining time and space, the research field and ideas would be widened. What's more, the book provides valuable historical materials related to the ancient East Asian cultural exchanges and demonstrates that the imperial examination made contributions to the East Asian Confucianism cultural circle.This thesis focuses on the three above-mentioned issues, by taking those illustrations, seeks to discuss the relationship of the fundamental research provided by the General Record, and provides an innovative research on the imperial examination of the Song Dynasty.

Among more than ten hundred thousands of Jinshi degree holders in the Song Dynasty, the Zhuangyuan(Number One Scholar)were of a small group but with huge influences. As the biggest beneficiaries of the imperial examination system, their backgrounds as well as their officialdom experiences could reflect the changes of the imperial examination system in the Song Dynasty and politics of the time. The General Record of Imperial Examination Success in the Song Dynasty(Hereinafter as General Record)is a collection of a huge amount of historical data of the Zhuangyuan, providing a strong support for further more intensive researches on Zhuangyuan.It could be concluded that there were 118 Zhuangyuan in the Song Dynasty. Although there is no consensus in the academia of whether the Gongshi(the final test on military art practicers)held during the Reign of Huizong should be considered as an imperial examination, nor of the numbers of military examinations that had been held in the Song Dynasty. based on the data in the General Record, it is clear that a total of 72 military examinations were held, from which 72 military Zhuangyuan were selected;12 Gongshi were held during the Reign of Huizong on which the examinees rigorously were selected from various schools across the country. The qualified candidates in the finals were granted″Shangshe Jidi″or″Shangshe Chushen″(the conferring titles in the Song supreme colleges).Gongshi was a new attempt of the government to combine the imperial civil examination system with school education. The top ones in Gongshi enjoyed similar treatment with the Zhuangyuan, and hence were called Shihe Zhuangyuan. In light of this, the 12 top ones could also be grouped as Zhuangyuan. Based on the analysis of the 118 Zhuangyuan's family backgrounds, it is found that 50 Zhuangyuan had official family backgrounds, 70% of whom were from lower-ranking official families;17 from poor families;and the other 51's backgrounds were not known either because their official career was not distinguishing or because they intentionally hid their backgrounds. However, it could be certain that these 51 Zhuangyuan were not from dignitary families. It can be concluded that the selection of talents in the Song Dynasty was not influenced by their family backgrounds and the students from poor families had equal opportunities to succeed in imperial examinations. Imperial civil examinations in the Song Dynasty had promoted the down-up flowing of talents. The investigation of the Zhuangyuan's official career in the Song Dynasty is focused on two aspects:the starting point of their official career, or the first official rank being appointed and their highest official ranks. This research finds that their initially appointed ranks had undergone a changing process, from the lower ranks to the higher ones and then back to the lower ones. Nearly 60% of the Zhuangyuan had taken high-level official ranks such as chancellors. While for most military Zhuangyuan, their official careers were not prominent. This result indicates that the military officials in the Song Dynasty had been undervalued and that the imperial civil examination talent selection had great limitations.

Around the General Record of Imperial Examination Success in the Song Dynasty(Referred to as ″General Record″), the following three questions are studied.First, the evolution and influence of the imperial examination system in the Song Dynasty studied on the basis of the data of imperial Jinshi. The General Record recorded large amounts of imperial Dengke clan, including 904 explicitly identified individuals, 13 of whom lived in the Northern Song Dynasty and 852 in the Southern Song Dynasty. Influenced by the Song clan policy, the first large amount of Song imperial Dengke clan, who were mainly the sixth and seventh generations of Taizu and Taizong, emerged during the years of Shaoxing, under the reign of Gaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty. The proportion of Song imperial Dengke clan members had risen from 5% in the earlier stage to 10% in the middle and later stages of Southern Song Dynasty. The rankings and times of attending examinations of Dengke clan members had also increased, and in turn, a specialized Keju clan group had formed. Consequently, Jinshi had appeared in Southern Song Dynasty imperial clan for three successive generations, The formation of Song imperial Keju clan had several reasons such as the concentrated residence of imperial clan, the favorite Keju policy, the priority of official educational resources, and etc. The General Record contributes to the above results, which have been largely ignored in the researches of Song Keju History as well as family history.Second, the evolution of Tongzi Ke policy in the Song Dynasty studied on the basis of the biographical data of the successful imperial examination candidates. Through the analysis of biographical data of the successful candidates collected in the General Record, it could be seen that the opening frequency of Tongzi Ke and alteration in the numbers of examinees in the Song Dynasty is influenced by the imperial court's orientation of the examinations and the political trends in that era. The change of the examinee numbers in different dynasties was the result of the institutional reforms and political trends. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Tongzi Ke was presided over by the emperor and was appointed the officialdom immediately after passing the examinations. Since the middle Northern Song Dynasty, the government took some measures such as suspending the examination, reducing the number of admission and so on to prevent the increasing disadvantages brought by the preferential treatment for successful candidates. However the result was not idealistic. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, the government had adopted the methods of reducing the favored treatment, of standardizing the examination contents and procedures, and of taking the grade of the system. Such methods had achieved good results in solving the problem of the unfairness of the examination. Third, the General Record's influences on the new development of the international researches on the history of the imperial examination are discussed. At present, the international academic researches on the Song Dynasty imperial examinations can be divided into four groups:imperial examination system, social&cultural history of the Song Dynasty, historical materials of imperial examination system, historical biographies of characters. The General Record includes the world's best research results on the imperial examination system of the Song Dynasty. The large amount of literature data provided by the General Record will promote the relative academic research innovation.

As a great enlightenment thinker, Liang Qichao lived in the specific historical period of modern China. His main approach of pursuing knowledge from abroad was reading a large number of Japanese treatises and translations by means of ″learning Japanese through Chinese.″He comprehended, absorbed and translated numerous modern European and Japanese ideological concepts in this way, and wrote the book Learning Japanese through Chinese. This book not only summarized the previous experience of studying Japanese, enlightening the compilation and development of subsequent Japanese Language learning textbooks, but also inspired and pushed many Chinese students in Japan and at home to follow his example. They introduced and spread new knowledge of the modern West and Japan through translating Japanese books, and also actively carried out enlightening publicity, which made a strong impact on the circle of intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. It is undeniable that there were several huge flaws in″Learning Japanese through Chinese,″and Liang Qichao also had some deficiencies in his mastery of Japanese. As a result, his comprehension, translation and promotion of certain thoughts and theories of modern Europe, America and Japan had some problems in accuracy and depth. Wang Guowei once offered severe criticism upon this. Liang Qichao himself also had deep reflections in his later years. Even in 1930s, when Hu Shi planned to organize several scholars to translate a series of foreign classics, he particularly emphasized the systematicness and accuracy of translation. Nevertheless, when we placed Liang Qichao's Learning Japanese through Chinese and his activities of translation in the specific historical environment and background of modern China, the significance and influence were mainly positive. Scholars like Huang Zunxian and Yan Fu spoke highly of Liang Qichao's activities of translation and writing. His writings, which were full of Japanese factors, also deeply influenced celebrities like Mao Zedong, Lu Xun and Guo Moruo in their youth.

The unification of language is a symbol of national unity. To a very large extent, the National Language Movement(NLM)in the 1940s in Macau was a kind of overseas Chinese affairs, aiming at the unification of Chinese compatriots. Bits and pieces related to NLM retrieved from record archives and past newspapers, although not systematic, are valuable historical information. By fitting all pieces together, the author is able to draw the contour of NLM in Macau starting from the outbreak of the anti-Japanese war to the post-war years. During the Japanese invasion, Macau was a ″neutral area″ and was free from the ravage of war. At that time, some Mandarin courses for the public and for teachers were supported by the Ministry of Education, serving the purposes of educating the illiterate public and nurturing the Mandarin teachers. The Mandarin courses for teachers did provide some training for hundreds of teachers. However, given the poor education condition at that time, the impact of these classes was very limited, let alone the Mandarin courses for the public. Nevertheless, the Dayong Private School for Mandarin Training run by Guan Yushu offered Mandarin courses for more than 40 times during the period between 1938 and 1945. It shows that NLM was never interrupted throughout these years. After the victory of the War of Resistance, the establishment of the Macau Association for Chinese NLM brought the movement to a new page in Macau. This association, being a locomotive of NLM in Macau, was closely related to the Kuomintang(KMT)Macau Branch. The objectives of this association were clear. The missions stated in its registered articles of association were implemented as planned. Their enthusiastic attitude was reflected in a series of promotion events, including Mandarin courses, the Mandarin week, the Mandarin speech contest, teaching Mandarin through radio broadcasting. More importantly, some of these activities were extra-curricular activities for primary and secondary students, and Mandarin was promoted through school education. Bound by the key principle of assisting the nation to promote NLM, many local organizations swarmed to offer Mandarin courses for their members even though the supply of qualified teachers was very limited at that time. Judging from the fact that some local schools, the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, the Chinese Women's Association, the KMT Macau Branch and etc. all offered very intensive evening Mandarin courses for the public consecutively, we can conclude that there was a strong demand for such Mandarin courses in Macau. In 1947, a small-scale primary school using Mandarin as their main medium of instruction was set up. The school authority secured great support from the Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee and this might indicate some symbolic meaning for Mandarin teaching in Macau. However, at that time, local schools by and large were not ready to use Mandarin as their medium of instruction at all. In general, this article was written on the basis of the primary sources of information. The author believes that the wide coverage of the relevant information and the meticulous details of many activities will extensively portray a full picture of NLM in Macau in the 1940s.

From hearsay to being well known, the Chinese audiences have become more familiar with the term Hollywood, especially since the end of last century. Film markets believe that Hollywood produces films according to the interest of the audiences, as if Hollywood is approximately equal to commercial output. This kind of bias is why this paper chooses the classic Hollywood film industry for text and historical analysis. It is understandable that market performance helps film companies to make production decisions. This paper tries to dig deep into the relationship between the economic interest of Hollywood and the social environment it has penetrated into during same historical stages. The paper hopes to demonstrate that the industrial development trend in Hollywood does not primarily depend on economic adjustment, but is intertwined with warfare and social conflicts.Films are most likely treated as vehicles for carrying historical and community values, and are used as a form of an alternative hyper memory card. With the help of its film industry along with other types of the media, the United States is able to gradually transform the nation from ″a bowl of broth″ into a big community with a national spirit of solidarity. That is to say, in the past, the country mainly relied on geographical connections from one section to another for the sake of transportation and communication. However, the entire nation is nowadays more likely to be influenced by an ideological mixture of the art, commerce and mass entertainment. Ever since the film itself has been invented, its main concern is to follow the commercial law, which is to meet market needs in order to maintain a competitive position. After that, to satisfy the desires of delivering cultural values and social ethics of a certain community, and to promote the aesthetic awareness are also important duties of the film. Hence, the Hollywood entertainment industry, which is considered as a combination of the previous components, offers the world a possible way to explore the United States, both culturally and historically. This paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges which Hollywood industry and its films have encountered from the perspectives of wars, social conflicts, public ideology and the commercial market, by demonstrating benefits that the Hollywood film industry has taken from the following three time periods: the World War II stage, the Cold War and multi-conflicts phase, and a globalized and symbolized Hollywood stage. The paper indicates that films' influence can spread beyond the media technology and culture propaganda, and can direct both the content producers and consumers' political preferences in addition to ideological adjustments. Nowadays, China and the Chinese audiences have become a market that the world's film industries can hardly ignore. On 2013, Huallywood box office has an annual growth rate of 27%, which is about 3. 6 billion in the U. S. currency, and has become the first film market to reached three billion U. S. dollars other than America. In 2014, China's film box office exceeded 10 billion mark in just 141 days. Huallywood film industry is facing rapid financial growth plus a huge potential market. One of the opportunities to be explored is how to motivate the audiences with positive cultural orientation, and how to get inspiration from the current environment which can be considered as full of social conflicts and instability. While Hollywood continues to break through the Orient film market, it is necessary for Huallywood to strengthen its regional alliances and cooperation.

This study maps the evolution of China image research in the world. Through text mining and content analysis of 161 articles in Social Science Citation Indexed journals published from 1998 to 2015, this paper outlines the authors, themes, theories, methodologies, and representative viewpoints in the research on China's global image.Results show that the research on China image increased year by year, with a skyrocketing growth after 2008. Regarding the origins of research, China, the U. S., the neighboring countries of China in Southeast Asia, and some European countries generated the majority of China image studies. As regards to the disciplines, the studies were mainly from journalism and communication, political science, economics, and management. While the studies from different disciplines had diverse research foci, there has been an emerging interdisciplinary tendency in the research on China's global image. With regard to themes, word frequency analysis and text mining revealed five themes in this field, namely, 1)image communication which concentrated on image construction and relationship management;2)national image and public diplomacy which discussed the effect of public diplomacy on image construction;3)destination image and tourism management which treated China as a tourist destination;4)corporate image and internationalization which aimed to explore the effect of corporate products and brands on China image, and 5)city image and urban planning which focused on urban expansion and environmental management. The theoretical approaches included stereotype, framing theory, agenda setting, theory of the other, branding theory, cognitive theory and crisis management theory. In terms of methods, China image scholars used more quantitative methods such as content analysis and survey. Generally, the perceptions of China image varied across countries and changed over time and were influenced by the economic and social conditions. Not only official communication, but also non-governmental contacts influenced the foreigners' image cognition of China. And the forms of communication were mainly public diplomacy, official media propaganda, local government cooperation, international trade between companies, major sport events, transnational tourism, and social media interaction.The limitation of current research is the lack of theory building. Most studies were too micro and trivial, without general significant innovations. Overall, this study maps the current research on China image in the whole world, with an attempt to promote China image among different disciplines, and to offer strategic advice to Chinese government as far as China's soft power enhancement is concerned. This study not only presents the situation, shortcomings and potential direction in the research on China image, but also provides practical references and advice for China image construction from multivariate aspects, such as national image, city image, and corporate image.

In the domain of land science, the construction of a discipline system is an important issue from 1980s, and has been a hot topic in recent years. However, the construction of land science discipline system is still immature and imperfect, for which the deviation from the concept of land is an important reason. The construction of land science discipline system should always take the concept of land as foundation and core.Land is a product of the combined action of natural factors and human factors, a result of the combined action of natural movement and human activities, and so is a natural and human complex. Complex is the scientific kernel of the concept of land, and land science takes land complex as a research object. The discipline uniqueness of land science lies in researching land as a complex and focusing on factors interaction and comprehensive performance(especially at small and medium scales). From this, land science faces unique problems, and produces distinctive theories and methods, and so it can form a relatively independent knowledge system. The research on land complex has three levels, including the basic level, the applied level and the engineering level, serving respectively the human practices of cognizing land complex, utilizing land complex and modifying land complex. Accordingly, the discipline system of land science can be built on three modules: the basic research module, the applied research module and the engineering research module, which are respectively the foundation part, the main body and the support part of land science. According to different research perspectives, methods and contents on land complex, the three modules of land science as a first level discipline can be further divided into six secondary disciplines, more than 30 tertiary disciplines and more than a hundred of research directions. In the research on land complex, all the secondary and tertiary disciplines of land science can be given proper position. Among them, the basic research module has two secondary disciplines: land resource and land utilization, which respectively researches the natural attributes of land complex(land natural complex)and researches the human attributes of land complex(land human complex), both using methods including survey, categorization, regionalization, evaluation, history and others. The applied research module has two secondary disciplines:land management and land administration, which respectively researches the production and operation activities(pursuing market values)of market bodies using land complex and researches public administration activities(pursing public value)of public organization to the utilization of land complex. The land engineering research module has two secondary disciplines: land reclamation and land protection disciplines, which respectively researches land reclamation projects on land complex of unused, difficult to use or inefficient use, and researches land conservation projects on land complex of potential and concrete degradation, damage or contamination. Land science is a comprehensive discipline, which at the same time has the attributes of natural science, social science and engineering science. As the main attribute, social science is the main academic position and the most promising development field for land science. Land science is also a growing discipline in China and it is faced with urgent tasks such as expanding academic community, enhancing discipline cohesion, and improving discipline recognition, and international promotion.

Efficacy is a key consideration in the construction of rule of law. By showing the effect of rule of law, and with public supervision, sector competition and mechanisms of leader promotion, efficacy is expected to effectively motivate the constructors of rule of law and assist them in setting the course of action and cracking the formalism in the construction of rule of law. If it is ignored, the construction of rule of law will be questioned in terms of its rationality and legality.There has been a long history of research on the efficacy of the rule of law in China. Literature review shows a clear picture of its development path and characteristics—from the efficacy of law to the efficacy of rule of law, and the emergence of typical research paradigms at different stages of development. At the earliest stage, only the qualitative method was applied to the research on efficacy of law. However, researchers turned to quantitative study due to the flaws of the qualitative method. In the switch from the research on the efficacy of law to the rule of law, especially to the quantitative research on the efficacy of rule of law, the China School of Rule of Law Practice(CSRLP)has played an indispensable role. The CSRLP demands of researchers to observe the efficacy of rule of law in practice by the quantitative method and to construct the effective approaches in action, which will provide a new perspective and a dynamic way of thinking in the research on the efficacy of rule of law.Among the efficacy theories abroad, Charles Sanders Peirce's Pragmaticism is representative and pertinent, and can serve as a frame of reference for our study on the efficacy of rule of law. Furthermore, Peirce's Pragmaticism has a number of fundamental principles in common with those of the CSRLP. For example, both of them focus on three aspects of ″practice,″ ″experiment″ and ″test,″ which justifies the paradigm shift in the research on the efficacy of China's rule of law, brings deeper insights for the CSRLP, and lays the foundation for expanding the application and ensuring the effect of evaluation of rule of law. The fundamental purpose of the research on the efficacy of rule of law is to crack the problem of poor efficacy of the rule of law in China. This efficacy is affected by various factors, such as politics, economy, culture, society and so on, but the main body is the primary and fundamental factor. When the representative bodies promoting the construction of rule of law, such as the government, the public, the legal persons, etc., have poor efficacy in practice, the urgency to realize the efficacy of rule of law becomes prominent. Various paths can be adopted to realize the efficacy of rule of law, and the evaluation of rule of law is an effective mechanism of reversal pressure. This evaluation should be present in the whole process of the construction of rule of law, and be an institutional guarantee in the realization of the efficacy of rule of law. As for the efficacy path with evaluation as its core, it is necessary to be practical in determining the target of the efficacy of rule of law, experimenting and evaluating the construction scheme of rule of law, and promoting the public participation in the evaluation of rule of law.

The rule of law in modern times originated directly in liberalism, emphasizing the ultimate aim of personal freedom. However, the rule of law mustn't be combined with liberalism. The rule of law in current China is not liberty-type, but efficiency-type rule of law, which is advocated with the purpose of effectively enhancing national power and realizing national rejuvenation.This efficiency-type rule of law can be seen from a series of important documents of the Chinese Communist Party since the reform and opening of China. From the emphasis on democracy and the legal system in The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee, to establishing the strategy of ruling the country by law in the 15th Central Committee, and to the decision of comprehensively promoting ruling the country by law in the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, the purpose of emphasizing efficiency in the rule of law has gradually become explicit in the documents. The efficiency-type rule of law emphasizes the ability to effectively achieve the set goals. Such ability refers to the ability of the country to unite, motivate, and lead the whole society to march on to the set goals, in order to realize the Chinese dream of national prosperity and rejuvenation. Apart from the documents of the party, the editorial about the rule of law in the People's Daily, the outline of reforming people's court issued by the Supreme Court, and the outline of constructing the law-based government issued by the State Department all clearly show efficiency as the characteristic of the rule of law in current China.The characteristics of the efficiency-type rule of law in China are these: first, it values the core leadership that promotes the rule of law;second, it emphasizes the realization of the overall national goals and national power;third, it values the importance of the rule of law in ensuring the realization of national goals. Under the overall development goals of the country, the value goals of law itself are also reflected to various degrees, with fairness and justice being more highly valued than liberty and rights. The reform era of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China already presaged that the path of the rule of law in the reform movement in the future China was not liberty-type, but efficiencytype rule of law. That is because the demand for national power is much greater than that for personal freedom in the reform movement of China. The reform and governance abilities of the country are especially important for the national power of the reforming country. In order to have the ability of reform, the country needs to have the control over the society in terms of appeal, organization and enforcement. The ability of social governance is the ability to achieve order by resolving social conflicts. Both abilities need to be achieved via the rule of law. When the emphasis is put on the national power needed for the reform, personal freedom can only become secondary. Too much emphasis on personal freedom may have a negative impact on the exercise of national power. When the reform goal of national prosperity is accomplished, the rule of law in the future China should be a combination of efficiency and liberty, with liberty again being an important aim of the rule of law. That is because the revival of Chinese civilization calls for achieving comprehensive and liberal development of everyone.

Currently, the state of trust between China and its neighboring countries is not very optimistic. This paper first divides China's peripheral trust problems into three kinds: confrontational trust crises, competitive-cooperative trust challenges and suspective trust perplex. Confrontational trust crisis refers to the situation wherein neighboring countries see China as their major threats or opponents, and take a strong confrontational stances against China. As a result, the trust between China and these countries falls into ″malicious confrontation″ crises. Competitive-cooperative trust challenges refer to certain neighboring countries viewing China as their major competitor or potential competitor, but not to the extent to be antagonistic against China. These states still show their intent to balance or guard against China while cooperating at the same time. This situation brings challenges to their bilateral relationships with China. Suspective trust perplex refers to the phenomenon where some small neighboring countries do not have strategic interests in confronting with or competing against China, however, they are worried about China's influence due to their comprehensive incapabilities.These trust problems indicate that the distrust that neighboring countries feel towards China is mainly based on their traditionally secure relationship with China. From the perspective of ″embedding theory,″such trust problems reflect the ″ undersocialized″ inter-state security relationships, as well as a consequence of disembedding national security from the framework of global security. Thus, this paper brings forward a new perspective of″security embeddedness″for constructing trust on China's periphery. ″Security embeddedness″is a conceptual expansion of″embeddedness″in the international security studies. It mainly argues that a single country's security and security interactions between countries are embedded in social networks formed by inter-state relationships. During the process of security embeddedness, individual security acts will be limited by specific situations within the social network. It can help reduce uncertainty during security interactions and ensure national security by emphasizing relationalism. In fact, national security in the era of globalization can be seen as a kind of complex security which emphasizes nations' ″self-others″ relationship. Inter-state security embeddedness stresses sharing and cogovernance, which provides the possibility of inter-state trust reconstruction. We thus propose three paths for solving China's neighboring trust problems on the perspective of security embeddedness. First, we make use of network structural advantages of the United States during the process of promoting the new model of major-country relationship between China and the United States, and of improving China's network centrality by taking advantage of non-traditional security governance. The second path boosts the institutional national security embeddedness and copes with the co-operational trust challenge by deepening and regulating the interregional security cooperation among regional powers within the institutional framework, thereby releasing goodwill and sincerity of security cooperation to the neighboring countries by strengthening the institutional multilateral security embeddedness. Moreover, China should initiatively take the security responsibility within the framework and attach importance to offering the institutional periphery public products. Last but not least, underlining national security cultural embeddedness in order to solve the suspective trust perplex, promoting the formation of collective identity between China and its neighboring countries by adhering to self-disciplined actions, initiating and forming a partnership centered with equality and respect, and focused on resolving non-traditional security problems.

Acculturation in psychological studies concerns the process in which different cultural groups undergo psychological and behavioral changes under the impact of cultural differences in their direct contact with other cultures, which reflects the coordination between individuals, local culture and foreign cultures. This process will exert a huge influence on the individual, not only in physical and mental health, but also in interpersonal communication and other social and cultural issues. With rapid development of tourism, ethnic areas are flooded with a large number of tourists and face the increasing shock of Han culture, in which local residents will inevitably experience acculturation pressure in crosscultural communication. If acculturation fails, residents in ethnic tourist destinations will either become self-enclosed, or will be driven by economic interests and cater to the tourists' public preference by commercializing their own culture and presenting ″pseudo-folklore,″ both of which will ultimately affect sustainable development of ethnic tourist destinations. Relevant literature review reveals that there is little psychological research on ethnic groups' acculturation, and that acculturation in the context of tourism has drawn little attention by academia. Thus, this research has some practical and theoretical value.The thesis selects Zhaoxing Dong Village Liping in southeast Guizhou province as a case study and applies Canadian cross-cultural psychologist Berry's(1997)bidimensional acculturation theory from the perspective of psychological research to analyze the acculturation of residents in the ethnic tourism destinations at the individual level based on unique cultural context of tourism development of Zhaoxing Dong Village. With literature review, field surveys, interviews and other methods, this thesis starts from the types of acculturation and investigates the acculturation of the local residents and the differences in their intention of supporting tourist industry. On the basis of the empirical research, the countermeasures are discussed, in order to promote ethnical groups' positive acculturation and support for the tourism. This research mainly includes the following three aspects:First, Berry's(1997)acculturation theory is used to explore the types of local residents' acculturation in tourist context. Second, the relationship between social demographic variables and acculturation is analyzed. Third, based on the residents' acculturation types, the differences are analyzed between acculturation types in their emotional attitude toward tourists and their intention of word of mouth marketing. The results are drawn as follows:(1)There are four types of acculturation in cross-cultural interaction between residents in ethnic tourist destinations and tourists: ″integration″ ″assimilation″″separation″and ″marginalization″ of which the former two represent high acculturation, while the latter two mean low acculturation. The residents of Zhaoxing Dong Village Liping, show high level of acculturation, as the majority belongs to the ″integration″ type,which is the best state of acculturation.(2)Among the local residents, there is a significant difference between men and women in types of acculturation, with women having a higher level of acculturation while there is no remarkable difference in acculturation between residents of different ages or educational backgrounds.(3)The residents of high acculturation hold positive emotional attitude toward tourists and stronger intention of word of mouth marketing than those of low acculturation. At the end of the thesis, it points out shortcomings and prospects of the research in an attempt to find out better local research tools and contents in line with requirements of the situation.

Leisure and recreation have a profound influence on the social assimilation of migrants in urban areas. Different from previous studies,we focus on the social assimilation of migrants by taking an investigation into their leisure and recreation life. With the rapid urbanization accelerated by China's Reform and Opening-up Policy, migrants account for an increasing proportion of the resident population in cities, especially in those large ones. Social assimilation of migrants has commanded more and more attention. Urban parks are not only visited by local citizens but also favored by migrants. Leisure and recreation in urban parks provide an opportunity for migrants to get assimilated into the urban society. Like local residents, migrants are also confronted with the problem of crowding in urban parks, especially in those well-known ones. The problem of crowding has a direct constraint on the leisure and recreation behaviors of migrants. Perceived crowding is a subjective and negative evaluation of density. It is a stress caused by the interaction of people and the environment. Coping strategies should be employed to deal with the stress. The Perceived Crowding-Coping Model is used to study the coping strategies that the recreationists used to deal with perceived crowding. A comparative analysis is to be taken to test the models of urban citizens and migrants in urban parks around the West Lake in Hangzhou.It is found that local citizens visit urban parks around the West Lake more frequently than migrants. More than half of the migrants in parks report that they are college graduates(54%). Most of the migrants in the urban parks around the West Lake are young recreationists. Migrants in the 21 to 30 age group amount to 74. 1%. The difference in monthly household income between local recreationists and migrants is significant. Among the local citizens, recreationists with a monthly household income between 10 000 and 19 999 yuan account for 27. 7% while 21. 6% of the migrant participants report that their monthly household incomes are between 4 000 and 5 999 yuan. The results of CFA(Confirmatory Factor Analysis)show that absolute displacement, temporal substitution, activity substitution, resource substitution, product shift and direct action are the main coping strategies employed by recreationists in the urban parks around the West Lake to deal with crowdedness. Although there are no significant differences in perceived crowding between local citizens and migrants, they exist in their coping mechanisms. Migrants tend to choose the single coping strategy — absolute displacement, i. e. no more visit or leaving the parks immediately. Local citizens prefer some multiple coping strategies to deal with the problem of crowdedness in urban parks. Temporal substitution might be employed to avoid crowding in the peak time. Local citizens have more choices in leisure/recreation activities and resources to deal with the problem. Cognitive adaptation is used by local recreationists to persuade themselves to accept the situation. Both local citizens and migrants feel reluctant to take direct actions to solve the crowding problem. Since the satisfaction of leisure/recreation experience in urban parks is important for migrants' assimilation into the urban society, managers or administrators of urban parks could help migrants to deal with the crowding problem in urban parks by the promotion of leisure/recreation concepts, the rearrangement of leisure/recreation resources/activities, and the guidance of leisure/recreation behaviors.

The phenomenon of ″Bi-Xing(analogy and metaphor)″hermeneutic circle can be traced back to the interpretations of The Book of Songs. This paper intends to probe into this phenomenon by a thorough discussion of the interpretations by ancient scholars in classics of three odes: Guanju, Hanguang, and Jiumu in The Book of Songs.Three types of moral explanations about Guanju existed from the middle and late Warring States to Western Han Dynasty. These explanations were based on two interpretation models, namely, the model of dramatic narration from se(lust)to li(ritual), and the model of juxtaposition of natural objects and human affairs. We can find relevant evidence in Confucius's Review on the Book of Songs, Five Elements from the silk manuscripts of Mawangdui tomb and Xunzi to support the first model. Meanwhile, the poems of Four Schools in Han Dynasty used ″Bi-Xing″to interpret Guanju and their interpretation structure was the juxtaposition of natural objects and human affairs, in which″Bi(analogy)″or″Xing(metaphor)″was applied according to the different intent of ″Meici″(glorification or criticism). Consequently, Guanju became one classic case of″yi se yu li″(comparing ritual to lust)in pre-Qin period and″Meici″served as an example of the hermeneutics of Chinese Confucianism for The Book of Songs.The conflict between the moral theme and the marriage theme can be detected in the interpretation of Hanguang in Maoshi and Zhengjian. The moral theme in Stanza One prohibited the man in the poem from offending the ritual by chasing the″You nü″(swimming girl), but the marriage theme in Stanzas Two and Three allowed the man to do so. The reason behind the conflict of the interpretation is that Maoshi's interpretation emphasized the moral theme while Zhengjian used ″Bi″to interpret ″Xing.″Maoshi's interpretation of Jiumu reverses the position of the vine and the tree by interpreting the theme as the tree's spontaneous protection of the vine, which is totally different from the ancient″theme of the vine strangling around the tree for ″Bi.″Such interpretation became an example of the ″ hermeneutic circle of ″Bi-Xing.″However, the original metaphor of the vine tangling around the tree was preconceived in readers' mind, so that they found it hard to adapt themselves to the theme of the tree protecting the vine. Chen Huan cited many examples where Maoshi used ″ruo″(like),″ru″(like),″yu″(like)and ″you″(like), to demonstrate the relationship between″Xing″and″Bi″, i. e. using Bi″to interpret″Xing″with the intention of seeking back the balance between the juxtaposition of natural objects and human affairs through ″the hermeneutic circle of ″Bi-Xing.″Both ″Bi″and″Xing″are based on a juxtaposition of natural objects and human affairs and follow the principle of analogy. The foundation of this juxtaposition is″Bi(analogy).″In the explanation of poems, if ″Bi″and ″Xing″are balanced, such as the interpretation of Maoqiu, it is not hard to understand ″Xing(metaphor).″If the balance is broken, such as the interpretation of Jiumu, difficulties in understanding may arise.

A study on ancient Greek epic Odyssey and the Chinese Ming Dynasty magic novel A Journey to the West from the cross-cultural perspective is both a time-honored subject and a brand-new one. It is time-honored because these two works are famous classic literary works that are widely spread on the occidental and the oriental nations. Researches on these two works present a splendid sight, yet the crosscultural study areas still need to be explored. It is brand-new because we want to study the subject from a new perspective, by setting up a communicative bridge between Chinese ancient culture and that of ancient Greek.Odyssey and A Journey to the West are two great literary works written in different times by people from different nations, yet they demonstrate striking similarities in various themes including the heroes' overseas wanderings and underworld wanderings. From the horizontal view, the two works own similar circuit narrative style and plot. The heroes of the stories made mistakes, they need to do the meritorious deeds to atone for his crime. With the arrangements and guidance of the Gods and Goddesses, the heroes travel abroad and fight for their lives, and can always narrowly escape death and finally return home. From the vertical view, these two works present us the life of the Gods, Man and spirits and three divisions of the heaven, the human world and the underworld. The two works are also based on some historical facts, with strong flavor of fairy tales. Both of them had their script stories settled after many years of word of mouth and correction.Underworld wandering is a popular myth motif in the worldwide literature. Through comparative research of underworld wanderings of Odysseus and Sun Wukong, we endeavor to explore the huge gaps behind the surface, the different views towards life and death between ancient Greek culture and Chinese culture of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. We can see from this comparison that under many circumstances the literary typology and literature interactions of different nations are interwoven with each other. The development of all nations' literature has never been closed and self-content with old practice, but rather a process of constantly taking in the essence of all other foreign cultures like a big sea embracing hundreds of small creeks. The Eastern and the Western civilizations have been in close contact with each other ever since the medieval times. Not totally imitating the other but rather absorbing its culture's highlights, the two civilizations during the contact created their own national features. Our ultimate purpose of studying the ancient cultures is to serve the needs of today's cultures. Through such study and research, we can deeply understand the essence of the Chinese culture with 5000 years' constant development. As literary workers, we should get deeply rooted in our tradition and merge its valuable spirit of life into the modern society, while absorbing the essence of the western culture.