Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most important potato viruses causing serious economic loss in potato industry worldwide. Establishment of sensitive and specific virus detection technique is the key to prevent and control PVY. 　　In order to provide material and technical support for the diagnosis, scientific prevention and control of PVY in fields, four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against PVY were prepared with the hybridoma technique, and four serological assays were developed in this study. 　　PVY particles with 730 nm×11 nm were obtained from PVY^N-infected tobacco plants with a high yield purification method, and used as the immunogen. Four hybridoma cell lines (3B2, 3E4, 20B2 and 25C2) secreting sensitive and specific MAbs against PVY were prepared. Titers of the four MAbs in ascetic fluids secreted by prepared hybridoma cells ranged 10^-6 to 10^-7 by an indirect-ELISA. Western blot analyses indicated that three MAbs (3E4, 3B2 and 20B2) could specifically react with 30 ku protein, which was supposed to be the coat protein of PVY based on the size of the protein. The MAb 25C2 could react with an approximately 55 ku protein, which was supposed to be HC-Pro based on the molecular mass of the protein. Based on the prepared MAbs, four serological assays, ACP-ELISA, dot-ELISA, tissue blot-ELISA and immunocapture-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) were developed for detecting PVY in plants. Specificity analyses of the four developed serological assays demonstrated that all assays could accurately detect virus in PVY-infected plant tissues, and have negative detection results with the leaf tissue crude extracts from PVS, PVA, PVX, PLRV-infected plant tissues or healthy potato and tobacco plant tissues. The sensitivity analyses indicated that the developed ACP-ELISA, dot-ELISA could specifically detect virus in PVY-infected plant tissue crude extracts diluted at 1∶81 920 and 1∶10 240 (g/mL), respectively. The developed IC-RT-PCR was the most sensitive, and could successfully detect virus in PVY-infected plant tissue crude extracts diluted at 1∶5 242 880 (g/mL).Thirty potato field samples from Yunnan Province were detected for the presence of PVY by the developed serological assays. The detection results of serological assays were the same as the result of RT-PCR, and 20 of the 30 potato field samples were PVY-positive. Sequencing and sequence comparative analysis of PCR products proved that the positive samples detected by the serological assays were really infected by PVY. 　　The anti-PVY MAbs and the developed serological detection assays will provide material and technology for detecting and quarantining PVY, breeding virus-free seed potatoes and establishing scientific prevention and control system of the disease.

Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra Bailey) is an original Chinese vegetable belonging to the Brassicaceae family of cruciferae. It is commonly grown for its bolting stems and tender rosette leaves as the edible parts, which are tender and crisp. Chinese kale contains large amounts of health-promoting compounds, such as vitamin C, carotenoids, total phenolics, and glucosinolates. It is widely distributed in Guangdong, Fujian and Guangxi Provinces. 　　The typical yellow-flower Chinese kale cultivar “Fuzhou-Huanghua” was used as the plant material, the chromosome staining factors, including sampling time point, pretreatment and dissociation duration, were optimized. Karyotype characteristics were also investigated, and then the obtained results were compared with those from the reported white-flower Chinese kale so as to reveal the karyotype differences. 　　The seeds of “Fuzhou-Huanghua” were soaked for 2 hours, and then cultured in dark in petri dishes with moist filter paper at 25 ℃ for 3 days. The root tips were excised between 8:00—10:00 AM, with 30 min intervals to determine the optimum sampling time point; pretreatment in 0.002 mol/L 8-hydroxyquinoline were conducted for 1—10 h (1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 h, respectively), subsequently, the root tips were macerated in 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid at 60 ℃ for 1—16 min (1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 min， respectively). Thirty cells with clear metaphase chromosomes were selected, and then the numbers and karyotype analysis of chromosomes were done by the cytological standards. 　　The results showed that the percentage of the mitotic cells and metaphase cells reached maximum when sampled at 9:00 AM; the best contraction, shape and dispersion of chromosomes were found at 5-h pretreatment with 0.002 mol/L 8-hydroxyquinoline; the best cell dispersion, chromosome staining and cytoplasm transparency, as well as the highest contrast ratio were observed at 8-min dissociation. Yellow-flower Chinese kale has a total of 18 chromosomes. The chromosome types included large chromosomes (L), middle chromosomes 2 (M₂), middle chromosomes 1 (M₁), and the constitution of the relative length was 2L+2M₂+14M₁. The centromeric index ranged from 27.86% to 48.19%, and the arm ratio ranked from 1.08 to 2.59. There were four pairs (the first, forth, sixth and ninth chromosome) of submetacentric chromosomes (sm) and five pairs (number two, three, five, seven and eight chromosome) of metacentric chromosomes (m), while the two satellites (SAT) were observed at the sixth pair of chromosomes. The karyotype formula was 2n=2x=18=10m+8sm (2SAT). Karyotype asymmetry index (As.K) was 61.95%, and karyotype characteristics fell into type 2A according to STEBBINS classification criteria. Meanwhile, significant differences in karyotype formula, ratio of chromosome length (L/S), and range of chromosome relative length were observed when comparing the chromosome characteristics between yellow-flower and the reported white-flower Chinese kale. Specifically, compared with the above results, four m and five sm chromosomes were reported in six white-flower cultivars. Moreover, the ratio of chromosome length (L/S) in yellow-flower Chinese kale (1.48) was lower than that in white-flower Chinese kale cultivars (1.50—1.71), which is mainly due to the fact that the shortest chromosome relative length in yellow-flower Chinese kale (9.66%) was obviously higher than that in white-flower ones. However, no significant difference was observed in arm ratio range, As. K or satellite position between the two types. 　　In conclusion,the optimized chromosome preparation conditions and karyotype analysis of yellow-flower Chinese kale were revealed. These results will enrich the awareness of genetic composition of Chinese kale, and provide cytological evidence for the study on the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationship of these taxa.

Alternaria brown spot (ABS), an emerging disease in China, is caused by Alternaria alternate pv. citri (A. alternata pathotype tangerine). The disease mainly affects tangerine and tangerine hybrid citrus, causing young leaf drop, fruit drop and dieback, and resulting in yield loss and affecting the commodity of fruits. ABS was first reported in Australia in 1962 and has become a serious problem in many citrus producing areas in South America, Florida, South Africa, Spain, Israel, Turkey and other countries in the Mediterranean area. ABS was first reported in China in 2010, affecting many important citrus varieties grown in Chongqing, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Sichuan and causing significant yield losses. ABS can be controlled by fungicides; however, there is no existing fungicide that is currently registered for controlling ABS on citrus in China. 　　In order to identify effective fungicides for controlling ABS, an in vitro sensitivity assay was conducted. In total, 54 isolates of A. alternate pv. citri were single-spore collected from citrus-producing areas in Chongqing, Yunnan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces and were tested for sensitivity to fungicides, including boscalid, flutolanil, thifluzamide and fluazinam using a rapid Resazurin-based microtiterplate assay. Conidia were induced by growing fungal strains on V₈ medium at 25 ℃ with 16 h light/8 h dark cycle for 7 to 10 days. The concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC₅0) of spore germination and mycelium was established for each isolate. All test isolates were sensitive to tested fungicides in varying degrees. In general, all isolates were highly sensitive to flutolanil, thifluzamide and fluazinam with an average EC₅0 of 0.010 3 μg/mL, 0.061 9 μg/mL and 0.010 0 μg/mL, respectively. When tested with boscalid, isolates had EC₅0 ranging from 0.238 3 μg/mL (C₁4 isolate collected from Chongqing) to 0.858 5 μg/mL (Z₁1 from Zhejiang) with an average of 0.467 7 μg/mL. It was observed that fungal strains collected from Guangdong and Zhejiang were less sensitive to boscalid than other test isolates and strains collected from Chongqing were more sensitive to thifluzamide than others. However, there was no correlation between the sensitivity to flutolanil and fluazinam and geographical origin of the isolates. 　　Overall, our studies revealed that boscalid, flutolanil, thifluzamide and fluazinam were effective for suppressing A. alternate pv. citri in vitro. It will be imperative to conduct field experiments for controlling ABS. The EC₅0values obtained from this study could be used as baselines for monitoring the development of fungicide-resistant subpopulation in future.

Connectivity map (CMap) technology was initially developed in Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard. It has been widely used to investigate mechanism of action of drug by academic research institutes and pharmaceutical companies globally. CMap technology, as one of the most important techniques in genomic era, provides a large public database of gene expression profiles and reveals how drugs affect gene expression under disease conditions. CMap database contained 1 309 FDA-approved small molecules and these small molecules were tested in five human cell lines to generate over 7 000 gene expression profiles. It also provided an interactive website and an online tool to conduct CMap queries against the chemical reference catalogues (http://www.broadinstitute.org/cmap). 　　Application of CMap technology in research on traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) offers new avenues for understanding TCMs in terms of efficacy, dosage and safety. Since a prescribed TCM have complicated composition, it may exert therapeutic effects by a collective and interactive manner of the contained variety of compounds. Additionally, TCM often clashes with the knowledge of contemporary medicine, because its principles and concepts are difficult to be understood by scientists with background in contemporary medicine. For these reasons, using the usual “drug-target” measurement technology is difficult for comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of action of TCMs, resulting in less competitive of TCMs in international market. CMap technology is a gene expression signature-based approach and of a unique power for studying drugs with complex ingredients such as TCMs. By querying CMap database with a gene expression profile of TCM and comparing its similarity with CMap compounds, a list of ranked drugs can be obtained, which may provide clues for connections between the CMap drugs and TCM for sharing mechanism of action, chemical and physiological processes, and therapeutic potentials for particular diseases. In this article, we reviewed the advances in our understanding of application of the CMap technology for research on TCM, in respect to the mechanism of action, the drug repositioning and identification of active ingredients of TCM. In terms of the mechanism of TCMs, CMap technology is of potentials for predicting the efficacy and side effects of known TCMs and provides new ideas for further understanding of the biological pathways influenced under the treatment of TCMs. For application in drug repositioning, as CMap database achieves numerous existing drugs and their associated gene expression spectrums, it is possible to find new indications for TCMs by matching its gene expression profile to those in CMap database. Meanwhile, by comparing with the traditional thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), CMap technology can be very useful for identifying active ingredients of TCMs. 　　Up to date, CMap technology has been successfully used in several studies on TCMs. However, in respect to TCM research, there are limitations of the current CMap technology, in particular the limited number of CMap compounds available in the database. Thus, this genomic approach can be integrated with traditional chromatography-based fingerprinting method for better understanding of TCMs. Furthermore, it is important to establish CMap technology as the core platform for TCM research, including discovery of new TCMs and exploration of the new application of TCMs.

During the investigation of coastal plants in Ningbo, several species were discovered, which cannot be classified into any species previously reported in the flora of Zhejiang. Based on further comparison and information review, these species belonging to six genera in six families were identified as new records of Zhejiang Province, including Ophioglossum reticulatum Linn. (Ophioglossaceae), Gomphrena celosioides Mart. (Amaranthaceae), Nuphar sinensis Hand.Mazz. (Nymphaeaceae), Gratiola japonica Miq. (Scrophulariaceae), Gynostemma laxum (Wallich) Cogniaux (Cucurbitaceae) and Lycoris albiflora Koidz. (Amaryllidaceae). Gratiola Linn. is a new record genus of Zhejiang Province.
The discovery of these newly recorded plants enriched the content of flora of Zhejiang Province and provided fundamental materials for investigating their geographical distributions in China.

Much research has been done on the high economic benefit, stable yield and superior seed quality of monocropping vegetable soybean. But with the arrival of the food crisis, intercropping is more and more popular. Whether vegetable soybean can maintain the excellent qualities mentioned above still needs more research. 　　We explored the effects of maize-soybean strip intercropping on seed quality of vegetable soybean with field experiment. Maize (Zhenghong 505) was planted two lines in narrow row while vegetable soybean was also sowed two lines in wide row at the same time (May 5th, 2015). Three vegetable soybean varieties were adapted in this experiment: Zhexiandou 4, Qingsu 5 and Shenxian 6. At the beginning of R6, samples were taken to determine the agronomic characters and nutrition quality of vegetable soybean. The seed agronomic characters include the fresh mass per 100-pod, fresh mass per 100-pod seeds， fresh mass per 100-seed mass, flat pods number per plant, one-pod number per plant, two-pod number per plant, three-pod number per plant and two-pod rate per plant. The nutrition quality contained protein, free amino acid, crude fat, soluble sugar, starch， and moisture. 　　As the results showed, the agronomic characters of intercropping vegetable soybean decreased compared with those of monocropping, but 100-seed mass increased. The content of protein and soluble sugar of intercropping vegetable soybean seeds was higher than those in monoculture. What’s more, the free amino acid of Zhexiandou 4, Shenxian 6 was higher than that in monoculture, but Qingsu 5 was lower. Comparing these three vegetable soybeans, we concluded that as for appearance quality Qingsu 5 was the best, and Zhexiandou 4 took the second, Shenxian 6 was poor. However with regard to nutrition, Shenxian 6 was the best, Qingsu 5 was the last. 　　As the interactive analysis showed, both appearance and nutrition quality of vegetable quality was mainly determined by cropping pattern. But there were some difference among different varieties. Correlation analysis suggested that fresh mass per 100-seed mass was significantly negatively correlated with crude fat, and it was the same as fresh mass per 100-seed mass and moisture. Fresh mass per 100-pod seeds was significantly positively correlated with sweet amino acid and free amino acid. 　　In summary,when the appearance quality is good, the nutrition quality will be poor. So it is necessary to coordinate appearance quality and nutrition quality. Because the appearance quality of vegetable soybean is affected by cropping pattern and the nutrition are affected by pattern and variety, we should screen out well adaptability and good quality varieties. At the same time, we must focus on techniques including line spacing, crop allocation, density, fertilization management and harvest time. So that we can achieve high quality and high yield vegetable soybean in intercropping pattern.

Nitrogen is the most important mineral nutrient taken up from the soil by plants. In cereal crops, accumulation and utilization of nitrogen are essential physiological processes that determine grain yield and quality. However, low nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and much nitrogen loss directly and indirectly led to a series of environment problems. The nitrogen fertilizer efficiency of rice cultivars is significantly different. Thus, exploring and exploiting low-nitrogen tolerant rice germplasm resources, and cultivating genetically modified rice cultivars with high nitrogen fertilizer efficiency is an ideal way to solve this problem. Previous studies were carried out on low nitrogen tolerance, and a number of useful low nitrogen tolerant germplasm resources were identified. However, there are few studies about screening and comprehensive evaluation of low nitrogen tolerance of Zhejiang photosensitive japonica rice cultivars. 　　To understand the difference of low nitrogen tolerance in Zhejiang photosensitive japonica rice varieties, 14 Zhejiang photosensitive japonica rice cultivars were used to analyze the morphological traits at the seedling stage, the tiller number at the tillering stage and the yield-related traits at the maturity stage under low nitrogen treatment in the nutrient solution and field test. Fuzzy membership function, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate low nitrogen tolerance. 　　The results showed that low nitrogen stress had a significant impact on the morphological and yield indexes of rice cultivars. Seedling height, shoot dry mass, tiller number, plant height, effective panicle number and yield per plant were reduced by 15.61%, 36.92%, 38.88%, 5.98%, 12.98% and 29.44%, respectively; root tips number, root length, root dry mass, root to shoot ratio, panicle length, seed set rate and 1 000-grain mass were increased by 2.68%, 1.83%, 8.31%, 74.78%, 0.05%, 1.18% and 0.26%, respectively. Based on the coefficients of variation of relative value, total of 6 indexes including root tips number, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, root to shoot ratio, effective panicle number and yield per plant were selected as indexes for screening and evaluating low nitrogen tolerance. And then we used fuzzy membership function, principal component analysis and cluster analysis to comprehensive evaluate low nitrogen tolerance, the coincidences rates of the results reached 80%. This study showed that Zhejing 88, Xianghu 301 and Xiushui 42 were low nitrogen resistant cultivars; Hu 251, Zhehu 3 and Ainuo 21 were sensitive cultivars. 　　According to the results, root tips number, root dry mass, shoot dry mass and root to shoot ratio at the seedling stage, effective panicle number and yield per plant at the maturity stage were selected as indexes for screening and evaluating low nitrogen tolerance of the tested cultivars.

Electron transport chain (ETC) consists of a series of compounds which is arranged according to electron affinity to transport electron. Respiratory process is the main source of energy in microbe, however, with many blind spots for restriction of insitu research. It is generally acknowledged that, ETC possesses close relationship with respiratory process, which provides a possible way to further research of ETC and respiratory in microbe.
In general, electron is considered to transfer from extracellular into intracellular through respiratory chain. However, recent studies have demonstrated that electron can also transfer through inverse way, i.e. from intracellular to extracellular. Three main mechanisms were hypothesized for electron transfer: 1) through direct contact, 2) through nanowire, 3) utilizing electron transfer mediator (ETM). Among these researches, the ETM should be paid more attention, for which plays key roles in intracellular physiological as well as in extracellular ecological processes. It is reported that ETMs usually take part in many redox reactions in intracellular and act as a link between these reactions in the respiratory chain. Besides, they can also take electrons to the inside or outside of the cell, expanding cell’s metabolic domain.
ETM can be classified into cellular synthesized (physiological ETM, PETM) and extracellular synthesized (nonphysiological ETM, nPETM) by the source. PETMs include many small molecules, such as phenazine and flavin. Phenazine is a kind of nitrogenous heterocyclic compound, and four main phenazine, i.e. phenazine1carboxylate, pyocyanin, phenazine1carboxamide and 1hydroxyphenazine are common in microbe. Their redox potentials are between -40 to -174 mV, indicating NADH or coenzyme Q is the ideal position for the electron transfer from electron donor. Flavin is a kind of isoalloxazine derivative, and three main compounds are riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide. They have similar redox potential to phenazine as well as the electron transfer pathway. nPETMs mainly include humus and AQDS. Both of them have benzoquinonyl, indicating that they can transfer electron through variation between benzoquinonyl and phenolic group. Besides, some humus, such as dimethyl sulfone and Nmethylaniline, can transfer electron by nitrogen or sulfur containing group.
The utilization of PETM and nPETM has raised more and more attention in environmental pollution control, for their effects in microorganism biodegradation. Recent research focused on microbial fuel cell and microbial electrolysis cell, has proved that the additions of PETM and nPETM can enhance contaminant removal in the control of dye, uranium and other metals pollution. Further research had demonstrated that the additional PETM and nPETM showed positive correlation with pollutant removal.
Clarifying the physiological and ecological functions of ETM would benefit the comprehensive of microbial electrochemical process and the development of bioremediation technology, as well as the development of microbial fuel cell (MFC) and microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). In this paper, a review on the chemical construction, redox potential, electron transfer mechanism and application in environmental biotechnology of typical ETMs was presented.

Resistance genes and strains were increased significantly with antibiotic accumulation in soil. Some resistant strains showed multiple drug resistance. Resistance genes can not only transfer between different species of bacteria, but also to humans by edible crops. Thus, the harm of resistant strains to the environment and human health is alarming. Studies showed that many microorganisms grew in an extreme environment and could degrade toxic substances, therefore, there must be some bacteria living with antibiotics as carbon sources for growth in the environment. Although many studies reported antibiotic resistant strains, little effort had been found in the literature to isolate strains with antibiotics for carbon sources. With the aim to promote domestic antibiotic resistance genes related research development of new antimicrobial agent, we studied growth characteristics and phylogenetic positions for strains with penicillin or tetracycline for the sole carbon source. 　　We collected four kinds of soil (forest soil, tea garden soil, farm soil, hospital nearby soil) with a potential antibiotic accumulation for the experiment. Sole carbon source medium with penicillin or tetracycline was used to isolate strains. The purity of each reagent in the medium was more than 99.5%. Morphological observation and gram staining were carried out after inoculating culture. Growth curve of strains and antibiotic concentration in the medium were analyzed to understand the characteristics of the strains using antibiotics. Primers 27F and 1492R were used for strains 16S rRNA genes amplification to determine phylogenetic positions of strains. 　　We isolated five soil bacterial strains (p₄, p₅, t₁, t₅, t₉) from soil with the capacity to grow on antibiotic as sole carbon source. The strains of p₄, p₅ are resistant to penicillin and the other three are to tetracycline. The strain of t₁ was isolated from tea garden and other four strains were isolated from forest soil. Five strains were all gram-negative bacteria. The results showed that antibiotics were limiting factors for these bacteria and antibiotic could stimulate strains growth. The concentration of penicillin and tetracycline degraded 22.6% and 16.5%, respectively, after inoculation compared with the control in 100 mg/L sole carbon source (SCS) antibiotic medium. It showed that the isolates could use antibiotics as carbon sources to support its own growth. The bacterial isolates were identified based on analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. They were placed into a phylogenetic tree and were considered to be surprisingly diverse. They were classified into five distinct genera, Lysobacter genus, Variovorax genus, Pseudomona genus, Chitinophaga genus and Bradyrhizobium genus, respectively. It is concluded that there are a considerable number of microbes in soil that can grow with antibiotics for the sole carbon source, unlike previous resistant bacteria, and the increase of concentration of antibiotics can stimulate the growth of strains. In theory, the strain can degrade antibiotics in soil, but as a kind of environmental pollutants, ecological risk of isolated strains still needs further study. Although the mechanism of strains resistance is not obvious, we are sure that these strains are diverse in phylogenetic positions.

Groundwater is a precious natural resource, which is used as potable water, industrial water and agricultural water. With the development of breeding industry, lots of waste water and solid wastes discharged to the environment, has caused serious groundwater safety problems, especially high nitrogen concentration. Groundwater is a kind of comparatively well living environment for micro-organisms. Because it has abundant nutrition, water, adaptive temperature and pH and all these conditions are beneficial for growth and reproduction of micro-organisams. In water nitrate cycle, micro-organisms play a significant role. The first and rate limiting step of nitrification is ammoxidation, and the functional gene is ammonia monooxygenase, which existed in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea. 　　However, the factors affecting ammonia-oxidizing bacteria distribution pattern in groundwater and the influence mode are still not very clear. This study attempted to improve understanding of groundwater ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance distribution and the correlations between the distribution and environmental factors around the livestock farm's hog-waste lagoon in Haiyan County. 　　The amount of AOB and the nitrate concentrations were tested respectively by real-time PCR and continuous flow analyzer. The correlations among environmental factors, AOB abundance and relative abundance of AOB were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient. 　　The results indicated that NH₄⁺-N concentration ranged from 0.35—18.98 mg/L, most of which were much higher than 0.5 mg/L in groundwater quality standard (GB/T 14848—93). And NH₄⁺-N, the main pollution in this site, accounted for a large proportion in total nitrogen. All the water samples were weak base, and pH ranged from 7.17—7.87. Due to the shallow buried depth of groundwater in Zhejiang Province, all the water samples temperature were close to air temperature, which ranged from 22—25 ℃. Total nitrogen had similar distribution pattern with NH₄⁺-N, samples beside lagoon No.2 >samples beside lagoon No.1 and others. The result of No.2 was built nearly half a year later than No.1 and had a less stable boundary condition. Meanwhile, W₁8 and W₂4 had both high nitrogen concentration and high total organic carbon concentration. This may be caused by the same reason. Principal component analysis (PCA) result showed that the concentrations of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N are the two principal components of environmental factors with contribution rates are respectively 45.7% and 25.1%. AOB abundance also had similar distribution pattern with NH₄⁺-N. Besides, in the center of site, W₁1 and W₁5 also had relatively higher AOB abundance. AOB was dominant bacteria in W₁1, W₁5, W₂4 and W₂5, whose relative abundance was larger than 25%. It was also observed that pH could influence the AOB abundance. AOB abundance of water sample with pH>7.8 was strongly larger than that of water sample with pH<7.3. AOB abundance and AOB relative abundance had significantly positive correlation with NO₃^--N (P<0.01). Meanwhile, they had positive correlation with NH₄⁺-N and total nitrogen (P<0.05). 　　The main findings from this study are that both AOB abundance and AOB relative abundance show positive correlations with nitrogen concentration, including NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N and total nitrogen. The AOB abundance and relative abundance are significantly positive correlated with NO₃^--N (P<0.01). When pH>7.8, the AOB abundance is significantly larger than the abundance when pH<7.3. However the AOB abundance is not correlated with pH value.

The model of water movement in variably saturated flow is of guiding significance in agricultural production and environmental protection. The accurate acquisition of soil hydraulic parameters is the precondition of reliable prediction. Based on searching for one set of parameters that best fit the measurements, traditional optimization methods can not quantify the uncertainty of parameters. Now, a newly developed Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, i.e., DREAM_(ZS) was adopted for efficient estimation and accurate uncertainty quantification of soil hydraulic parameters. With the measurements obtained from a one dimensional sand column infiltration experiment, the soil hydraulic parameters were estimated by two approaches, i.e., the MCMC algorithm and the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) nonlinear optimization algorithm. Then the two approaches were compared in terms of parameter estimation and state prediction. It can be concluded that: 　　1) The LM algorithm can provide a single set of model parameter estimations with only a few model runs. However, this method is sensitive to the initial guess of parameters, and the obtained predictions occasionally deviate from the measurements. 2) The MCMC algorithm can provide state predictions which better fit measurements. More importantly, it accurately quantifies the uncertainty of parameters, which can avoid the potential risk introduced by making predictions via a single estimated value.

According to basic characteristics (e.g., distribution pattern, forest type) of the ecological service forest in Fuyan, Hangzhou, we aimed to understand the changes in community composition, stand quality, and secondary succession process after the mountain closure. Using the method of forest field observation, experimental analysis, mathematical and statistical analysis, we established 88 permanent monitoring sampling plots to track forest community factors periodically. 　　Our results showed that the forest quality of Fuyang ecological service forest improved significantly between 2009 and 2014. Specifically, the stem density of young broadleaved forest increased by 325.00 individual/hm² (27.4%, P<0.01), its average diameter at breast height increased by 0.65 cm (8.2%, P<0.05), and its community biomass increased by 4.53 t/hm² (5.7%), respectively. The average diameter at breast height of middle-aged broadleaved forest increased by 0.23 cm (2.1%) and its community biomass increased by 18.55 t/hm² (15.9%, P<0.01). The stem density of coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest at three age classes increased slightly during the past five years. The diameter at breast height of young coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest increased the largest by 1.07 cm (12.8%), and its community biomass increased by 20.59 t/hm² (20.7%, P<0.01). The community biomass of middle-aged coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest also increased by 12.14 t/hm² (11.5%, P<0.01). Comparing the age structure of Fuyang ecological service forest between 2009 and 2014, the areas of young forest and middle-aged forest reduced, while the areas of premature forest and mature forest increased. The area of young broadleaved forest did not change significantly and the middle-aged forest gradually turned into premature forest. Meanwhile, the area of young coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest decreased, while the area of middle-aged forest and premature forest increased. Our results showed that coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest gradually changed into the middle-aged forest at young stage and premature forest at middle-aged stage. After five years of mountain closure of the ecological service forest in Fuyang, the proportion of broadleaved tree species in coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest and broadleaved forest increased. In the coniferous forest, the relatively dominant Cupressus funebris and Dalbergia hupeana experienced the largest increase. In the broadleaved forest, the relatively dominant Schima crenata, Celtis sinensis and Euscaphis japonica had the largest increase, while Choerospondias axillaris, Ligustrum lucidum and Pinus massoniana showed the largest decline. In the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, the relatively dominant Cinnamomum camphora, Sassafras tzumu, Schima crenata experienced the largest increase, while Castanopsis sclerophylla, Cupressus funebris, and Euscaphis japonica displayed the largest decline. 　　Our findings suggest that for abundant broadleaved tree species resources at renewal layers, the mountain closure is an effective measure to accelerate the succession of coniferous forest to coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, then to broadleaved forest. For forests with high canopy or few target tree species, it is necessary to take some artificial cultivation measures (e.g., artificial planting) to promote the species diversity and improve the ecological effects.

Vegetation restoration and reconstruction in Lhasa semi-arid valley is an important part of the Tibetan plateau national ecological security barrier construction. Water remains a major limiting factor in the area of vegetation restoration. Considering the climatic characteristics of the region, the less types of species and difficult to introduction, it is very important to carry out water research about native tree species and screen low-water drought-resistant species. 　　This paper observed the water consumption and photosynthesis of the main shrub species in Lhasa semi-arid valley. The selected five species were Salix microstachya, Hippophae gyantsensis, Sabina pingii var. wilsonii, Sophora moorcroftiana and Buddleja minima. The water consumption (WC) and water consumption rate (WCR) of all seedlings under different drought stresses were measured by pot seedling mass method, and net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE) of them were measured by Li-6400 photosynthetic system. 　　The results showed that: 1) With the intensification of drought stress, the WCs of Salix microstachya, H. gyantsensis and B. minima were all gradually declined. The WC of H. gyantsensis and B. minima had the steepest decline under light drought stress. Compared with the moderate drought stress, the WC of Salix microstachya under heavy drought stress was decreased by 71.8%. The WCs of Sabina pingii var. wilsonii and Sophora moorcroftiana were the largest under light drought stress. WC for each seedling was minimal under heavy drought stress. The day-and-night WCs of Sophora moorcroftiana and B. minima were only 208.3 g/m² and 173.8 g/m², respectively。 2) Under normal water supply, the WCRs of Salix microstachya, Sabina pingii var. wilsonii and B. minima were clearly bimodal curve. The peak of Salix microstachya appeared in 10:00—12:00 and 14:00—16:00, and those of Sabina pingii var. wilsonii and B. minima were in 12:00—14:00 and 16:00—18:00. The WCRs of H. gyantsensis and Sophora moorcroftiana were single-peak curve. The largest WCR of H. gyantsensis appeared in 12:00—14:00 and that of Sophora moorcroftiana was in 14:00—16:00. The WCRs of all species were single peak curve under light, moderate and heavy drought stress. But under light drought stress, the peaks of Sabina pingii var. wilsonii and B. minima appeared in 12:00—14:00, and the maximum values of WCRs of the other three species appeared in 14:00—16:00. The maximum WCR of each species was in 14:00—16:00 under moderate and heavy drought stress. 3) Under normal water supply, the Pn of Salix microstachya, H. gyantsensis and B. minima was significantly higher than that of Sabina pingii var. wilsonii, reached their maximum. The Pn of Sabina pingii var. wilsonii and Sophora moorcroftiana reached the maximum under light drought stress. With increased drought stress, the Tr of Salix microstachya, H. gyantsensis and B. minima was declined. The maximum Tr of Sabina pingii var. wilsonii and Sophora moorcroftiana appeared under light drought stress. Tr of each species had reached the minimum under heavy drought stress. 4) The WUEs of Sophora moorcroftiana under various water stress were significantly higher than that in other species. With increased drought stress, the WUE of B. minima was increasing. The WUE of Salix microstachya, H. gyantsensis and Sabina pingii var. wilsonii reached the maximum in light drought stress.

With the development of fertilizer industry, the productions of compound fertilizer in China increase year by year, and the production process has also changed a lot. 　　A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of compound fertilizers by different processes on yield and yield quality of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) for three consecutive years. 　　The results showed that the nutrients amount of compound fertilizers by different processes were the same, while there were significant differences in the effective nutrient content (P＜0.05). Compared with treatment without fertilizer, different process compound fertilizer treatment increased the yield from 48.49% to 122.93%. AZF fertilizer (15-15-15S) and granulated fertilizer (15-15-15S) promoted the plant growth, but decreased the contents of proteins, free amino acids and increased the content of nitrate with poor quality. Resin-coated fertilizer (18-9-18S) and elemental fertilizer promoted yield quality, root activity and chlorophyll content, but lowered yields. The path coefficient analysis showed that the direct path coefficient sizes of the effective nutrient content in different compound fertilizer for yield were: NH₄⁺-N (1.985 5)>K⁺(0.800 2)>Ca²+(0.687 1)>pH(-0.119 6)>NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N(-0.354 0); for nitrate content were: pH (0.929 8)>S(0.217 6)>NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N(0.146 1). Moreover, the nitrate content in leaf was significantly negative correlated with free amino acid content and SPAD value (P<0.05). 　　In conclusion, Minar process fertilizer (15-15-15S) was more beneficial to the high-yield and high-quality production of pakchoi, and improvement of soil fertility.

Carbohydrate is considered the least expensive form of dietary energy for animals. The ability of farmed fish to use dietary carbohydrates as an energy source is generally lower than that in terrestrial livestock. The relative efficiency of dietary carbohydrate utilization by fish has been associated with dietary carbohydrate level, molecular complexity and the technological treatments applied. Starch is the main source of dietary carbohydrate in aquafeed, and pre-gelatinization is a widely used method to improve the starch utilization. Many research showed that gelatinized starch is more significant in carnivores to improve feed digestion and utilization. However, some experiments reported that total gelatinization of diet starch would not has positive effect on the growth of some fish. Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) is carnivore. It was reported that Chinese turtle had low ability to use dietary carbohydrates. Pre-gelatinized starch is used universally in Chinese turtle diet now, but its ability to use raw starch is still unknown. This experiment was conducted to evaluate if starch pre-gelatinization could increase the growth and feed utilization of P. sinensis. 　　Four test diets were designed with adding the same level of cassava starch (20%), but different replacement ratio of pre-gelatinized starch by raw starch (0%, 33%, 67% and 100%). Nutritional compositions of four test diets were similar, with about 46% protein, 9% fat and 16 kJ/g energy. The feeding experiment lasted for 7 weeks. Chinese turtles with initial average body mass of 6.5 g were fed twice a day at （30±1）℃. Feeding rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, viscera-somatic index, hepatosomatic index, nutrient digestibility, and body composition of turtle were analyzed. 　　Differences in specific growth rate, viscera-somatic index, hepatosomatic index, digestibility of dry mass, protein and fat of Chinese turtle fed different diets were all insignificant. However, starch pre-gelatinization affected feeding rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Feeding rate increased with the replacement ratio of pre-gelatinized starch by raw starch, and protein efficiency ratio decreased linearly. Feeding rate of turtle fed diet 1 was significantly higher than those fed diet 3 and 4. Protein efficiency ratio of turtle fed diet 1 and 2 were both significantly lower than those fed diet 3 and 4, differences in protein efficiency ratio of the groups between diet 1 and 2 and between diet 3 and 4 were both insignificant. Feed conversion ratio increased significantly with the total replacement of pre-gelatinized starch by raw starch. Feed conversion ratio of turtle fed diet 1 and 2 were both significantly higher than those fed diet 3 and 4. Contents of body water, protein, fat, ash and energy of turtle fed different diets were all different insignificantly. 　　Those results indicate that Chinese turtle has a good ability to use raw starch; and the growth performance of P. sinensis is not affected by starch pre-gelatinization, but feed utilization can be enhanced. Since the price of pre-gelatinized starch is higher than that of raw starch, the raw cassava starch can be used and totally replace the pre-gelatinized cassava starch in the Chinese turtle diet.