Fructose is a monosaccharide. Fructose is greatly sweeter than glucose and sucrose. In recent years, high fructose corn syrup has been widely used in beverages and food industry globally. However, the effect of fructose on human health has received much attention in current years. In this review, we mainly discussed the food source, absorption and metabolism of fructose, relationship between fructose and metabolic disorders, and recommendation intake of total sugar. 　　Crystalline fructose is dried, ground, and highly pure. Fructose is found in most fruits and vegetables either as a monosaccharide or as a unit of sucrose. The ratio of fructose to glucose in most natural food is approximately 1∶1. Fructose has the lowest glycemic index of all natural sugars. High-fructose corn syrup is a mixture of fructose and glucose. HFCS is widely used in food industry, added into soft drinks and baked foods for its palatability and good taste. HFCS-42, HFCS-55 and HFCS-90 are three kinds of HFCS. The number for each HFCS represents the percentage of fructose in the syrup. Free fructose is absorbed directly by intestine via facilitated transport involving GULT5 transport proteins. Unabsorbed fructose in intestine can cause abdominal symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. When fructose exists in a 1∶1 ratio with glucose, it can be absorbed mostly. Unlike glucose, fructose can be metabolized in liver, it can be partially converted into glucose, and mostly metabolized to fatty acid, and the latter can be synthesized into triacylglycerol. Fructose is first metabolized into fructose 1-phosphate by fructose to kinase referred to as fructolysis. Unlike glycolysis, in fructolysis the triose glyceraldehyde lacks a phosphate group. Fructose 1-phosphate then is hydrolyzed by aldose B to form dihydroxy acetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. DHAP can either be isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by triosephosphate isomersae or reduced to glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The glyceraldehyde produced may also be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by glyceraldehyde kinase or further converted to glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The metabolism of fructose yields intermediates in the gluconeogenic pathway leading to glycogen synthesis as well as fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. Triacylglycerol can be accumulated in liver to cause non-alcohol fatty liver and insulin resistance in liver. Triglycerides are incorporated into very-low-density lipoproteins, which are released from the liver destined toward peripheral tissues for storage in both fat and muscle cells. Then, triacylglycerol can also be transported to others organs and tissues to increase the risk of insulin resistance, obesity and cardiovascular disease. 　　Based on the available evidence,WHO recommends a reduced intake of free sugars throughout the life to limit free sugars intake to less than 10% of total energy intake. WHO suggests a further reduction of the intake of free sugars to below 5% of total energy intake. 　　In conclusion, there exits a relationship between fructose and non-alcohol fatty liver, obesity, cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance. Therefore, fructose should be applied in an appropriate way or it will exert a detrimental influence on health. It is reasonable to pay more attention on reducing fructose intake.

Methane (CH₄) as a colorless, odorless organic gas, is one of the most simple hydrocarbons and widely distributed in environment. As the second most important greenhouse gas, only following carbon dioxide, methane contributes a lot to the global warming. 　　Methane-oxidizing bacteria are a kind of microorganisms who directly use methane as carbon and energy sources. Because they can convert methane into carbon dioxide and mitigate the global greenhouse effect, methane-oxidizing bacteria are getting more and more people’s attention. Methane-oxidizing bacteria not only reduce methane emissions in the soil, but also uptake the methane in the gas phase of the unsaturated soil. They are important to mitigate the global greenhouse effect. 　　According to whether can uptake oxygen in environment as electron acceptor or not, methane-oxidizing bacteria can be divided into aerobic and anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria. Aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria are gram-negative bacteria, which use methane as carbon and energy source, have been discovered as early as 1906. Because of the potential value of aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria in practice production, scientists have made extensive research about it in the past 40 years. At the same time, aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria can reduce soil methane emissions and uptake the methane in the atmosphere, playing an important role in global carbon cycle. Because anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria’s doubling time is long, research progress about it is slow. 　　Cellular component of different kinds of methane-oxidizing bacteria is different, and they have different enzymes and C₁ metabolic pathways. The center metabolic mechanism of C₁ component determines the competition ability of different bacteria in different environment. The main center metabolic mechanism can be divided into three categories: ribulose monophosphate cycle, serine cycle, and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle.

The human intestinal tract is the largest immune organ in the body and comprises cells from non-hemopoietic (epithelia, Paneth cells, goblet cells) and hemopoietic (macrophages, dendritic cells, T-cells), and have trillions of microbes collectively. The microbiota and host immune system communicate with each other to mutually maintain homeostasis. 　　Gut microbiota can have important consequences for the development of inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune diseases and allergy, and the specific mechanisms by which the gut commensals impel the development of diverse types of immune responses are beginning to be understood. Gut microbiota has been shown to direct maturation of the host immune system, to play an important role in the induction of CD4⁺T cell (including Th1, Th17 and Foxp3⁺regulatory T cell) and immunoglobulin A (IgA), and the expression of antimicrobial peptides. Intestinal colonization of altered Schaedler flora (ASF) resulted in activation and de novo generation of colonic Treg cells. Failure to activate Treg cells resulted in the induction of T helper 17 (Th17) and Th1 cell responses. Thus, microbiota colonization-induced Treg cell responses are a fundamental intrinsic mechanism to induce and maintain host-intestinal microbial T cell mutualism. Commensals are rapidly killed by macrophages, intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) can keep small numbers of live commensals for a few days, which makes DCs selectively induce IgA. The commensal-loaded DCs are confined to the mucosal immune compartment by the mesenteric lymph nodes, which assure that immune responses to gut bacteria are induced locally, without potentially damaging systemic immune responses. The production of cathelicidin related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) by insulin secreting β-cells was controlled by short chain fatty acids produced by the gut microbiota. Therefore, gut microbiota manipulations in non-bese diabetic (NOD) mice modulated CRAMP production and inflammation in the pancreatic islets, exposing that the gut microbiota directly shape the pancreatic immune environment and autoimmune diabetes development. 　　There may be numerous molecules produced by gut microbes that affect these immune responses. Meanwhile, targeting gut microbiota might be an effective strategy to overcome diseases, which was proved by many experimental and clinical researches. Accordingly, if these mechanisms are fully understood, diseases can be treated with probiotics/prebiotics to regulate gut microbes. Here, this review advances our understanding of the interactions between resident microbes and the immune system, and the implications of these findings for human health.

All living organism are under continuous stress of one kind or more because the surrounding environment in which they live is dynamic. In a way, the essence of evolution lies in the incorporation of opportunistic changes that enable populations to survive in the stressful environment. Plants being sessile face various extreme environmental conditions throughout their life cycle and respond accordingly to maintain their vital metabolic homeostasis by regulating their gene activity. In addition, plants have developed excellent mechanisms of stress perception and signal transduction. Abiotic stresses affect the plant growth and yield potential, and therefore response of plants to them is important for plants to cope with the environmental changes to survive. Plants can detect the environmental condition change and alter the developmental mode to obtain survival chances in the adversity. Several abiotic stresses affect plant growth and productivity with differential regulation at different levels. Therefore, any stimulus can trigger relative gene expression and lead to the physiological changes. These signal transduction pathways act independently and also have a significant crosstalk among them. 　　When to initiate flowering is obviously a critical step in the plant life-history, especially udder an unfavorable environment. Under the control of a complex genetic network, plants detect and integrate external (such as photoperiod and temperature) and/or endogenous (such as age and hormone level) signals to induce or suppress flowering. Generally the transition from a vegetative phase to a reproductive phase is controlled by some pathways, which integrate the plant endogenous developmental state and environmental cues. At last the pathways converge to a small number of genes referred to as “floral pathway node”, such as GI (gigantea), FLC (flowering locus T), FT (flowering locus T) and SOC1 (suppressor of overexpression of Constans 1). These genes are not only involved in the flowering pathways, but also take part in many other metabolism pathways. 　　There are many different biochemical pathways responsible for abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Many plants may regulate the flowering time under stress, so the adaptability change of flowering time reflects the need of plants to fructify under optimum conditions. There must be tightly connection between environmental stresses and plant flowering time, so we introduced the effects of the environmental stresses, such as light, temperature, water, salt, and nutrition, on plant flowering time. On the point of molecular biology, these processes refer to genetic and epigenetic changes. In the first part, the impacts of light stresses, including light intensity, light quality and photoperiod, on plant flowering time were introduced in details. The second part was about how plants alter flowering time under different temperature stresses. Then, we briefly talked about the influences of water stress, salt stress and nutrition stress on flowering time. Last but not the least, some conclusion was made on the interaction of the environmental stress and plant flowering time. In addition, the prospect section gave some suggestions on how to make use of stresses on flowering time and how to study the underlying mechanisms of the complex network. This paper supplied molecular genetic regulation network of plant flowering time under stresses, attempting to provide basement for researchers to study the relationship between environment and plant flowering time.

The effects of limonene emulsion and limonene acetone solution on 3 species of food-borne pathogens were studied. The results of the agar diffusion test indicated that the order of the antibacterial effect on Yersinia enterocolitica was ofloxacin (positive control) > 500 μL/L limonene acetone solution > 5000 μL/L limonene acetone solution > limonene emulsion > 50 μL/L limonene acetone solution > acetone (solvent control), with the inhibition zone diameters of 46.8, 32.2, 27.4, 17.1, 14.5, 9.2 mm, respectively. Except the positive control, the most effective one on Staphylococcus aureus was 50 μL/L limonene acetone solution (the inhibition zone diameter was 30.3 mm). The inhibition zones of limonene acetone solution and acetone to Listeria monocytogenes were similar, while there was no inhibition zone of limonene emulsion, which indicated that it was acetone but not limonene that had the antibacterial activity to L. monocytogenes. The tube dilution test showed that limonene was effective to Y. enterocolitica and S. aureus, but not to L. monocytogenes. Limonene acetone solution showed higher antibacterial activity with lower values of minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericide concentration than limonene emulsion. Among the three selected food-borne pathogens, Y. enterocolitica was the most sensitive one to limonene, followed by S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes was the least sensitive one.

Flammulina velutipes, with high edible and medicinal value, was widely cultivated in China and Southeast Asia. Being worthy to be noted, the fruiting body formation and development of F. velutipes were influenced by many factors, such as the internal factors including transcription factor, protein kinase, sparse water protein and the cell pigment, and environmental factors including light, and temperature and carbon dioxide. It is very important to understand the response of genes to the influencing factors in transcription level, translation level and environmental stimuli for studying the regulation of F. velutipes fruiting body growth and development. 　　Among them, the hydrophobins were commonly found in fungal hyphae, infection structure or surface of the fruiting body, and there is a temporal and spatial expression with high abundance. Different fungal hydrophobins perform different functions in various stages, such as aerial hyphae growth, fruiting body formation and morphological differentiation of the primordium. Although there are numerous reports that the hydrophobins result from stress-related biological or non-biological environment, but the biological functions such as cell division, differentiation and its regulation of signal transduction are still poorly understood. For example, the analysis on Schizophyllum commune genome and expression profile showed that in S.commune fruiting body development process, the expression of energy and hydrophobins related genes were higher in knot than the other stages. Besides, we found that the expression of hydrophobins Fv-Hyd1 were upregulated in knot and mycelium. We hypothesized that hydrophobin Fv-Hyd1 played an important role in aggregation in mycelium and primordia formation. 　　Through the F. velutipes genome and transcriptome data, as well as the bioinformatics analysis, a gene coding hydrophobin Fv-Hyd1 encoded 131 amino acids, with 6 exons and 5 introns. Through physical and chemical properties, composition arrangement of cysteine C-X, protein tertiary structure and phylogenetic tree clustering analysis, it was showed that Fv-Hyd1 belongs to the type Ⅰ hydrophobins and is basidiomycetes-specific, which is different from the type Ⅱ hydrophobins (C-X9-C-C-X11-C-X16-C-X9 -C-C-X10-C-X6). 　　By acquiring the upstream sequences of genes, combined with yeast genome database SDG, YEASTRACT database and fungal transcription factors database FTFD, the predicted genes potentially regulated transcription factor. bHLH transcription factor associated with changes in the morphology of the fungus (Rtg3) was selected as the candidate transcription factor. Combined with the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and the Pearson correlation coefficient, the results showed that there was a strong co-expression rule between Fv-Hyd1 and its potential transcription factor Fv-Rtg3 with a high expression in F. velutipes mycelium knot and fruiting body primordium formation. In addition, according to NetPhos 2.0 SERVIER phosphorylation sites prediction for Fv-Hyd1 and Fv-Rtg3 and the above expression of co-expression analysis data, we speculated the gene expression regulation mechanism of Fv-Hyd1.

The effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on wound-healing capability and related enzyme activities were investigated in postharvest cherry tomato fruits treated by ABA and fluridone (FLD, an inhibitor of ABA). 　　After wounding at equator with a sterilized scalpel, fruits were immersed in 1.0 mmol/L ABA, 0.1 mmol/L FLD and deionized water (control, CK) under vacuum (0.07 MPa, 5 min), respectively. Treated fruits were allowed to wound-heal at 20 ℃ and 90% relative humidity in dark. Fruit weight loss, autofluorescence intensity, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) activities were determined in wound tissues every day. 　　The results indicated that ABA content decreased within the first two days followed by a slight increase in the control, but maintained at high levels in ABA group and low levels in FLD group. Fruit weight loss increased gradually in all groups during storage. However, the weight loss was more and faster in FLD group, but less and slower in ABA group in contrast to the control. The intensity of autofluorescence increased during wound-healing. Compared with the control, ABA group exhibited an increase in the intensity of autofluorescence especially after 3 d of storage while FLD group depicted a reduced intensity. PAL activity increased after wounding, reached the maximum at the third day and then decreased, while POD activity decreased after wounding and then increased in all groups during wound-healing. PAL and POD activities were enhanced by ABA application while inhibited by FLD treatment compared with the control. 　　In conclusion, ABA promotes wound-healing process in postharvest tomato fruits. This study provides theoretical basis for the research of wound-healing mechanism in postharvest fruit and vegetable.

“Alexander” grape (Vitis vinifera cv. Muscat of Alexandria) belongs to Euro-Asian species and performed excellent in the southern China such as Zhejiang Province. However, as its high fruit setting and compact fruit spikes, fruit thinning in time was very necessary. Currently, elongating clusters of grape using gibberellin (GA₃) is usually used in Euro-American species; however, the effects of clusters elongation on fruit quality and simplified degree of fruit thinning have not been reported. In addition, the concentration of GA₃ used for clusters elongating have great differences according to sensitive degree of cultivars. 　　We explored the effects of GA₃ treatment on simplification of fruit thinning and fruit quality in this study, in order to provide the theoretical basis and technical support for industrial development of “Alexander” grape. 　　Six-year-old “Mascat of Alexandria” trees were used in this study. Clusters were sprayed with different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/L) of GA₃ when their length reached 2.71—8.68 cm about 15 days before full-bloom stage of “Alexander” grape in order to explore the effects of GA₃ treatment on simplification of fruit thinning and fruit quality. Fruits were picked when the total soluble solid (TSS) content reached 17% and were sampled when they reached commercial maturity. The length of the clusters and quality indexes were determined at harvest. 　　The results showed that the treatment effect of 3 mg/L GA₃ solution was the best when the new shoot length reached 15—20 cm, the leaf number was 6—7 pieces and the average length of the clusters was 3.53 cm. Compared with the control (0 mg/L GA₃ treatment), 3 mg/L GA₃ treatment can elongate clusters by 50%, obtain loose fruit spikes but not too loosen as well as better fruit setting. The average fruit spike mass reached the maximum value after 3 mg/L treatment, and can reduce workload of fruit thinning by 38%. Compared with the control, treatment with different concentrations of GA₃ solution all enhanced the content of TSS, glucose, fructose, tartaric acid, malic acid, and linalool. Moreover, 3 mg/L GA₃ treatment greatly increased the contents of total phenols and nerol. 　　3 mg/L GA₃ treatment can obtain better fruit quality and effectively lower work load of fruit thinning. It is suggested to spray “Alexander” grape clusters with 3 mg/L GA₃ solution about 15 days before full-bloom stage in the production, in order to reduce labor cost and improve labor efficiency.

Compared with tea, tea flower has similar composition and biological activities. Tea flower is rich in polysaccharide, which is regarded as “natural moisturizing factor”. Because of the effect of moisturizing and bacteriostasis, it can be used for improving the moisturizing properties of cosmetic products. The polyphenols and flavonoids from the tea flower have antibacterial, anti-allergic, UV resistant function and can inhibit oxidase lipid peroxidation. They also can inhibit the formation of free radicals and melanin. The saponin from the tea flower has strong effect of emulsification, dispersion, solubility, foaming, cleaning and many other kinds of active function on surface. In addition, tea flower has special honey fragrance, so that it can be used as natural spice products. 　　Tea flower can be used in daily chemical products industry. Three factors and three levels orthogonal analysis was used to select the formula of tea flower soap. The three independent variables are the types of soap material, tea flower powder additive amount, tea flower petal additive amount. And the quality of tea flower soap was valued from skin care, sensory indexes. The results showed that the best components in soap were weakly-alkaline soap material and 2% tea flower powder, which make the soap white with a little yellow and have tea flower fragrance. The skin test on the dorsum of hand showed that the usage of tea flower soap can decrease oil contents 49% and pigment contents 20%, while increasing water contents in dermal layer 51%, elasticity 36% and collagen protein contents 9%. By expanding experiment, it was found that the tea flower extracts can further improve the performance of product. 　　This study developed natural tea flower soap with strong ability of cleaning and protecting skin. It also provides scientific theoretical basis for tea flower’s application in daily chemical products and a new way for the comprehensive utilization of Camellia resources.

Tobacco (Nicotianat abacum L.) is a worldwide economic crop, and tobacco industry is an important resource of tax revenue in China. Style, quality and economic characteristics of tobacco are the focuses of attention for both tobacco breeders and companies. 　　Most tobacco economic characteristics are quantitative traits, affected by variety, environment, variety-by-environment interaction and other unknown ecological factors. It is very crucial to clearly understand the contribution rates of these factors to the economic characteristics of tobacco, so as to screen appropriate varieties for specific tobacco producing regions. 　　A regional variety trial with random complete block design was conducted in multiple locations in 2014. Totally, 14 Fen-flavor tobacco varieties and 11 testing locations in 4 Fen-flavor tobacco producing regions were arranged with 3 blocks in each location. Six main economic traits, the average price, the grade index, the superior tobacco rate, the grain per 667m², the output value per 667 m² and the yield, were investigated. Analysis of variance and stability were performed based on a mixed linear model including variety effects, location effects, variety-by-location interaction effects and block effects. QTModel and SAS software were employed for the analysis. 　　Variance analysis results showed that variety effects, location effects and variety-by-location interaction effects were significant for all six economic traits. Wherein, location effects had the highest contribution, accounting for 60%—90% of total variation of each economic trait, and nearly 90% variance of the average price came from location effects. In addition, variety related effects explained 8.9%—42.7% of the total variance for each economic trait. In terms of the contribution rate of location effect, the order of traits from high to low contribution was the average price, the grade index, the superior tobacco rate, the output value per 667 m², the yield and the grain per 667m². The block effects were only significant for the average price, the grain per 667 m² and the grade index and it only contributed at most 4% to the total variation. 　　In adaptability evaluation, according to the results of multiple comparisons for comprehensive and each economic trait, the varieties marked by “a” were selected as appropriate ones for the region, and within them those with trait mean equal to or larger than that of all appropriate ones were selected as the most appropriate varieties. If more significant differences between varieties were detected, the varieties whose trait mean was larger than the total average would be regarded as the appropriate ones. As a result, the most appropriate varieties were PVH1452, Yunyan208, Yunyan105 for the region of Yunnan Plateau Basin; Yunyan116, Yunyan119 for the region of Yunnan Low Latitude Valley; Yunyan208, Yunyan105, Yunyan110, Yunyan119 for the region of Wumeng Mountain; Yunyan208, Yunyan97 for the region of West Fujian Wuyishan. 　　Results on variety stability showed that, location effects were the main sources of total variation, and as high as 70%—99% of the total variation could be explained by location effects. It suggested that Fen-flavor tobacco's economic characteristics are not stable across different planting areas.

Forchlorfenuron, 1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenyl, is a multipurpose plant growth regulator. The previous reports showed forchlorfenuron was a relatively safe and low toxic pesticide without teratogenic and mutagenic effect on human and animals. However, recent researches showed excessive exposure of forchlorfenuron could cause the disorder of protein metabolism, mild emphysema. Therefore, residue detection of forchlorfenuron in fruits and vegetables is imperative. 　　High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis is a common detection method. The suitable conditions for the extraction and purification of sample play an important role prior to HPLC analysis. 　　In this study, the extraction efficiency of forchlorfenuron residues in loquat was compared using matrix dispersive solid phase extraction and QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe). 　　The results showed QuEChERS was more suitable pretreatment method for the determination of forchlorfenuron residues in loquat, because it had obviously higher average recoveries than matrix dispersive solid phase extraction. Effects of different extraction and purification conditions on QuEChERS were further studied. The optimal conditions obtained were that 8.0 g of loquat samples were extracted with 16 mL of acetonitrile for 20 min, and then salted out for dehydration by m (anhydrous magnesium sulfate)∶m(sodium chloride)=3∶2, and ultimately purified by m (primary secondary amine (PSA))∶m (C₁8)=1∶1 for 3 min. The forchlorfenuron residues in loquat could be completely separated from impurities under these optimal conditions, and furthermore, the spiked recoveries of forchlorfenuron in loquat were 80%—100%, with coefficient of variation （CV） of 3.1%—4.8%. 　　It was concluded that this method could effectively extract and purify forchlorfenuron residues in loquat.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) was a metabolic disorder， which was characterized by hyperglycemia in the context of insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. The prevalence of T2D resulted in 90% of diabetic individuals suffering from it. In China, the percentage increased by 95%. The usage of anti-diabetic drug, however, could be associated with serious undesirable side effects, the most commonly observed are being hypoglycemia, mass gain, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Thus, it was necessary to find anti-diabetic therapies that are not only safe and effective in controlling blood glucose levels, but also without serious side effects. Tea was a kind of natural anti-diabetic material and had been studied for a long time because it was abundant in polyphenol. Previous studies mainly focused on type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), but recently, research about anti-T2D increased. At present, three main approaches of remedies could be concluded from the global researches. 　　Glucose concentration in the body was directly influenced by insulin, so that insulin approach was one of the main therapies to treat T2D. Numerous reports showed that tea extracts could enhance insulin properties which could be subdivided into the amelioration of insulin resistance, improvement of insulin sensitivity and stimulation of incretin in cell or animal models. In detail, studies showed that tea extracts, especially epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) could inhibit protein tyrosine phosphates 1b (PTP1B) to enhance insulin sensitivity and relieve insulin resistance via inhibiting 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Similar results were also found that unknown extracts from tea could alleviate insulin resistance or enhance insulin secretion by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase Ⅳ (DPP-Ⅳ). 　　This kind of approach includes two remedies, enhancing glycolysis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. In skeletal muscle and adipose cells, tea extracts, particularly EGCG, could analog the function of insulin to stimulate glucose transporter protein-4 (GLUT 4) and enhance AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway or PI3K/Akt pathway to strengthen the usage of glucose. In hepatic cells, EGCG from tea, down-regulated the mRNA of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK) and up-regulated the mRNA of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) through enhancing calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinases-β (CaMKK-β） and AMPK pathway. 　　Anti-oxidants have been proved to play a significant role in T2D and complications. Tea, as a natural anti-oxidant, could definitely scavenge free radicals. Studies have reported that it could prevent T2D and its complications through enhancing polyol pathway flux, increasing formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), increasing expression of the receptor for AGEs and its activating ligands, activation of protein kinase C isoforms, and overactivity of the hexosamine pathway. 　　Additionally, tea polyphenols including EGCG could also keep the balance between nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET-1) and inhibit 11β-HSD1 to prevent T2D from happening indirectly. 　　As a kind of natural functional beverage, tea and its extracts would be totally tested on resistance to T2D and could be recommended for combined use with present antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of T2D in the future.

The issue of drinking water security is directly related to people’s health and social stability. It’s of great significance to detect the abnormality of drinking water effectively and quickly so we can timely warn the occurrence of water pollution incident. With the development of technology means of obtaining water quality information are increasingly diversified. Domestic and foreign researchers have proposed different anomaly detection methods to extract and analyze the characteristic information of abnormal water samples. However, organic pollution abnormality in urban water supply is difficult to detect by simple threshold methods. 　　At present, the application of spectral methods on the anomaly detection of urban water supply is still in the ascendant. According to the relevant literatures, the detection limit of drinking water pollution based on ultraviolet and visible spectrum is relatively high. Therefore this paper puts forward a method which is based on three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) for potable water quality inspection, and this method shows a better performance than ultraviolet and visible spectrum. 　　Detection experiments of different concentrations of phenol solution et al were designed to verify and analyze the detection and discrimination ability for organic pollution abnormality of this method. Data preprocessing was carried out using Delaunay interpolation because Rayleigh and Raman scattering contained in detection data will affect the analysis of spectral information. And then the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEMs) was decomposed using parallel factor analysis and the distribution of fluorescence peaks and the relative concentration of factors were obtained, which can be used to judge whether the water is polluted. Support vector machine was applied to classify measured samples based on feature information of relative concentration value, which can distinguish normal water samples from the ones polluted by organics. 　　Through the analysis of the experimental results, we could find that the method effectively detect the water samples contaminated by organics and normal water samples. In this experiment, phenol contaminated water samples whose concentration were higher than 2 μg/L, salicylic acid contaminated water samples whose concentration were higher than 2 μg/L and rhodamine B contaminated water samples whose concentration were higher than 1 μg/L were all detected. It is proved that in the case of being close to the national standard, the use of three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis can distinguish the pollution concentration of micrograms level. 　　Aiming to solve the problems that drinking water is easily contaminated by organics, and it is not easy to be detected in the low pollution concentration using general detection method, this paper designed an experiment to detect the fluorescence spectroscopy of five days running water and three kinds of organic solution of different concentrations. And the method of using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis method is applied to detect abnormality. It turns out that the proposed method can distinguish water samples contaminated by organics of microgram level. Research and experiment results show that the abnormal detection of drinking water based on three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy is feasible and has practical application value.

Due to the characteristics of mixture formation and combustion of diesel engine, it has far higher tail gas particulate matter (PM) emissions than those of gasoline engine. It has been proved that soluble organic fractions (SOF) adsorbed on the PM surface of diesel engine are mutagenic. More than 90% of the components are carcinogens. Therefore, PM emissions have become an important factor restricting the popularization and application of diesel engine vehicles. To analyze and test PMs in diesel engine tail gas (DETG) also becomes a hot spot in current research. 　　PMs in DETG mainly include carbon smoke (C), SOF, sulfate (SO₄) and ash, which account for 40%—50%, 35%—45%, 5%—10% and 3%—6% in PMs respectively. According to a physicochemical analysis of PMs in DETG, PMs are very tiny and complicated, containing volatile components and heavy metals. This raises higher requirements for the reliability, self-purification and anti-interference of PM testers. To measure PMs using light scattering method (LSM) is a non-contact modern photoelectric measurement technique and has the advantages of real-time, online and harmless to sample, etc. It is superior in the diameter spectrum analysis and concentration measurement of PMs in DETG. The diameter ranges from 1 to 10 000 No./cm³. PM concentration, though very low in emissions, can be measured. The counting efficiency of (41±1) nm PM was 90% or more and the counting precision was ±10%. Based on this, this article proposes to measure diameter spectrum and concentration of PMs in DETG, using LSM. 　　By calculating the numerical relationship between parameters like dimensionless parameter x, acceptance angle of scattered light θ, diameter D and intensity of scattered light I_s, as well as the numerical relationship between acceptance solid angle of scattered light β and flux F, this article obtained a theoretical basis for measuring diameter and concentration of PMs in DETG using LSM. 1) With the increase of D, I_s increased significantly and the distribution fluctuated more drastically with θ. In a certain scattering angle, I_s and D were no longer proportional and corresponding to each other. It was required to measure I_s in multiple angles and calculate the diameter spectrum; 2) F near the acceptance range of 90° scattered light and relative volume D³ of particles had a good linear relationship. By measuring F, the volume concentration of particles can be obtained. Meanwhile, by selecting acceptance solid angle of scattered light β=30°, a good measurement effect can be achieved. According to the above conclusion, a diameter spectrum and concentration tester for PMs in DETG based on LSM was developed. This tester was composed of sampling probe, flow meter, water filter, PM filter, pump, dilute air duct, heating device, photoelectric detector, IPC and on-off valve, etc. The working process was to pump air into a dilute channel and heating device, through flow meter, water and PM filter, dilute and heat the tail gas to be tested, analyze and test the diameter distribution of PMs in DETG in ideal state. 　　This tester conducted an experiment by measuring the diameter distribution of DETG. By comparing with precision testing instrument, from the measured data, this tester had better consistency than precision testing instrument. It was more advanced and practical. 　　By analyzing the physicochemical characteristics of PMs in DETG and the numerical relationship between all parameters, intensity of scattered light I_sand flux F, the following conclusions are drawn: 1) The correctness and feasibility to measure diameter spectrum and concentration of PMs in DETG using LSM are analyzed theoretically; 2) According to the above principle, a diameter spectrum and concentration tester for PMs in DETG is designed; 3) By comparing the ex

Chickens are an important animal genetic resource and the conservation of local breeds is an issue for preservation. With these highly diversified geographical environments, coupled with copious precipitation, adequate sunlight, and long frost-free periods, Yunnan Province has high biodiversity, including habitats for several ancestral species of domestic chicken and which has been suggested to be a center of domestication of chicken. 　　Daweishan mini and Chahua are typical local chicken breeds in Yunnan Province. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and origins of the two breeds by analyzing their mtDNA sequence polymorphisms. Blood samples were collected from 30 of each breed. Their complete D-loop sequences were PCR amplified, sequenced and compared with the DNA data of five red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) subspecies annotated in the GenBank. 　　The results indicated that D-loop regions of the two local Yunnan chicken breeds were 1 231—1 232 bp, with a base C deficiency from 859 bp site in the 1 231 bp haplotype. Nineteen polymorphic sites were identified across the complete mtDNA D-loop region sequence. The eight haplotypes observed in the two local chicken breeds belonged to four previously published clades, i. e. Clades A, B, D and E. Of these clades, A and B were dominant. Clades A and B both contained three haplotypes, whereas Clades D and E both contained one haplotype. Clades A and B were clustered with G. g. spadiceus indicating that the two clades may originated from this subspecies. Clade E was clustered with G. g. murgh indicating that this clade may originated from this continental subspecies. The other haplotypes were contained in Clade D, which originated from multiple maternal origins. There were diversities in the middle of the mtDNA D-loop sequences of the two local breeds, which may result from multiple maternal origins. These data indicate that G. g. spadiceus contributed more to the evolution of the two local Yunnan breeds than the other four subspecies tested. The haplotypic diversity within the Daweishan mini chicken (0.685) and Chahua (0.476) was lower than those of breeds studied using the hypervariable I (HVI) segment of the D-loop in other chickens of Yunnan Province. 　　Determining the genetic background of domestic chicken breeds local to Yunnan Province and their relationships with red Jungle fowl could improve the understanding of chicken domestication. In contrast to other chickens of Yunnan Province, the two chicken breeds studied here had lower diversity at mitochondrial levels. Due to their possible contribution to past and recent domestication, the two breeds deserve a conservation attention.