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浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)  2021, Vol. 51 Issue (6): 93-104    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2021.04.061
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以案为证:晚清宣讲小说的文体特征及成因
杨宗红
重庆师范大学 文学院,重庆 401331
"Taking Stories as Evidence": Stylistic Features and Causes of the Preaching Novels in the Late Qing Dynasty
Yang Zonghong
College of Liberal Arts, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China

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摘要 

“以案为证”是晚清宣讲小说的重要标志,它不仅凸显了小说的“以案释理”特色,还表明小说深受说理思维及明清圣谕说教、善书“案证”方法的深刻影响,以及时人对故事说理功效的认同。故事或日常生活事件是“案”,圣谕、神谕或传统伦理道德是其所“证”,“以案为证”的宣讲小说主旨明确且劝善性明显。“案证”在故事中的长度及在整部书中的比例直接影响了其所在文本的形态。将故事作为“案证”,虽导致“案证”类宣讲小说在情节及人物形象上不能与文人拟作的话本小说相媲美,但仍有可取之处。

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杨宗红
关键词 晚清宣讲小说案证文体特征成因    
Abstract

A large number of vernacular propaganda novels appeared in the late Qing Dynasty, characterized by “regarding telling stories as argumentation”. However, the academic circles have not paid enough attention to this kind of novels, and there is a lack of research on its style characteristics. In preaching novels, stories are supposed to be the “case” and “proof of the case”, and the sixteen edicts and the oracles or other “reasons” are regarded as their “viewpoints”, that is, talking stories become a process of argumentation. “Regarding telling the story as argumentation” is the major stylistic feature of preaching novels. The relationship between “stories” and “argumentation” implied in them is: “stories” are considered as methods and means, and “argumentation” is a process of proving their viewpoints, and both of them serve the contents they want to prove. As far as the style and form of the novel is concerned, the language, titles, preambles, and notes in the books indicate that the stories are “the argumentation of the novel”, and the existence of iconic words such as “proven by the story” and “from this story” in the text indicates the “argumentation” function of the story. The propaganda novels are also characterized by “other various literary genres in the text”. Among them, a large number of benevolent ballads and poems, the part of the “story”, are the important feature of the propaganda novels. In terms of their structure, “edicts (oracles)+story argumentation” is the general form, and its sub-pattern is “poetry+comment+story+comment” or “story+comment”. The process of “argumentation by stories” is: introducing the supporting story, and then the signal word “from this story” leads to a summary. It is very similar to the stylistic structure of “viewpoint+factual argumentation+induction and summary” characterized by the argumentative essay. This structure further shows the “proven” nature of the story and the logical structure of “story as evidence” of the whole novel.The early preaching of the edicts of the Ming Dynasty mostly focused on illuminating the edicts and principles. At that time, there had been a tendency to use stories as the auxiliary means to interpreting principles. In the Qing Dynasty, stories were gradually introduced to illustrate edicts. What’s more, their contents greatly increased, and the forms of “an (案, stories)” and “zheng (证,argumentation)” of moral books were adopted. Later, although this kind of stories was still subordinate to the edicts, it was the main body of the new type of text, and it eventually developed into a story-argumentation-based propaganda novel that “takes the story as evidence”. The formation and development of propaganda novels were closely related to the gradual adoption of stories in the edicts, the preaching of popular novels in the Qing Dynasty, and the adoption of the eight-part essays in the Imperial Examinations. The movement of encouraging kindness to others in the late Qing Dynasty became very popular, and the propaganda of the edict became a folk tradition and even a belief. The authors of this kind of literary form persuaded and exhort people to be kind to others, propagating the edicts. Therefore, these novels were much similar to the morality books, and it was also an important cause of the preaching novels. However, it also resulted in the stereotype that this type of novels was regarded as “morality books” rather than novels, which affects the classification of their genre.For ordinary people, the effect of moral education of fiction was far better than that of Confucian classics and history and was regarded as a “fiction education”. Although popular novels had a persuasive function, they were inevitably commercial and entertaining. In addition, knowledge and morality were implied in the stories, which probably resulted in the understanding deviations of the audience. Preaching novels as “morality books” directly illuminated with a clear and straightforward purpose, a certain edict, oracle, or a certain reason. The beginning and the end of the comments and the comments in the story effectively prevented the deviation of understanding the purpose of the story and made the audiences accept the imperial edict and doctrine within the ideal range. Stories used as evidence can realize the functions of morality and entertainment if the stories contain the theme of retribution for good deeds or sins, in combination with the acceptable artistic form of narration, lyric and persuasive rap. In short, the special system of preaching novels fully realized its role of “fiction education”. Thus it was universally recognized and popularized at that time.As most novels of “using the story as evidence” attached importance to reasoning to a certain extent, it led to the relative inadequacy of the tortuous plot and the fullness of the character image.

Key wordsthe late Qing Dynasty    preaching novel    stories as evidence    stylistic features    causes   
收稿日期: 2021-04-06     
基金资助:

国家社科基金一般项目(18BZW093)

作者简介: 杨宗红(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6525-9633),女,巴渝学者特聘教授,重庆师范大学文学院教授,文学博士,主要从事中国古代小说研;
引用本文:   
杨宗红. 以案为证:晚清宣讲小说的文体特征及成因[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2021, 51(6): 93-104. Yang Zonghong. "Taking Stories as Evidence": Stylistic Features and Causes of the Preaching Novels in the Late Qing Dynasty. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2021, 51(6): 93-104.
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https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2021.04.061     或     https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/Y2021/V51/I6/93
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