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马歇尔论“正常”状态:理解《经济学原理》的一个新视角
罗卫东 程晨
Alfred Marshall’s Discussion on ″Normal″ Conditions:A New Perspective on Principles of Economics
Luo Weidong Cheng Chen

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摘要 马歇尔在《经济学原理》中进行了大量对“正常”及其相关概念的讨论,他界定了经济学所研究的“正常”活动,继而在理论研究中大量使用这一概念。在理论范畴里,“正常”具有静态的特征,因为“正常”状态的条件是虚置于现实之上的某种抽象,往往代表某些情形下最持久和最频繁的因果关系或相关关系。但马歇尔所定义的“正常”来源于真实世界,是具体和情境化的,因此有了容纳更多现实条件的能力,是动态分析的一部分。通过赋予“正常”一词现实性、动态性的含义,马歇尔试图改善经济理论为人所诟病的过度抽象性,试图在理论与现实、静态与动态之间构建起桥梁。
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罗卫东 程晨
Abstract:Alfred Marshall’s representative work Principles of Economics contains many discussions of ″normal″ and relative concepts. Marshall defines ″normal″ activities in economic studies, and uses this concept extensively in theoretical research. In the theoretical category, the discussion of ″normal″ has a static characteristic, because the condition of the ″normal″ state is an abstraction representing the most enduring and frequent causality in certain situations. However, the ″normal″ state defined by Marshall comes from the real world and is specific and contextualized and therefore has the ability to accommodate more realistic conditions. ″Normal″ is also part of the dynamic analysis. Using the non-fixed meaning of the word ″normal″ and the ″flexibility″ of the economic term itself, Marshall tries to build a bridge between economic theory and economic reality. This article examines Marshall’s connotation of ″normal″ in the Principles of Economics as follows: (1) Marshall attaches great importance to the use of economic terms. He spends a lot of time explaining that economic terminology should not be divorced from daily experience. His definition of ″normal″ has undergone a shift. In 1879, he equated the ″normal condition″ with ″the state brought about by uninterrupted actions in free competition″. But after the publication of Principles of Economics, he turned to emphasize that the normal state should be a tendency in specific situations. Therefore, normal motives may include altruistic motives, and there is no so-called ″economic man″ who is not constrained by moral power. (2) ″Normal″ is abstracted from real conditions and is related to a specific time, place, and economic agent. This article gives two examples to illustrate this point. First, Marshall defines ″normal″ enterprise, that is, ″representative firm″, which is a controversial concept in Marshall’s economic system. If we consider it from a static perspective, we will have doubts about the nature and role of representative firm. If we consider it in the context of the development of industry and the change in the internal and external economies, we will find that ″normal″ enterprise has a realistic basis. Second, according to different lengths of time, Marshall gives the term ″normal″ different meanings. The standard of distinction is not clock time, but the operating time of economic forces. Choosing ″normal″ conditions relies on the common sense and intuition of economist and entrepreneur, which include both judgments of empirical reality and logical deductions. (3) The concept of ″normal″ is an attempt made by Marshall to reconcile the conflicts of different methodologies. Marshall believes that the study of the ″normal state″ of modern life is derived from the abstraction of specific situations, is both realistic and abstract, and contains both static and dynamic meanings. Through this device, Marshall tries to construct an economic analysis system in Principles of Economics that is not excessively deductive but of practical significance. With the rapid development of economic science, mainstream economic theory has become more and more formalized and modeled. Marshall’s economic thought has been reduced to a static model assuming perfect competition. To truly understand Marshall’s thought, we should return to the specific text.
    
引用本文:   
罗卫东 程晨. 马歇尔论“正常”状态:理解《经济学原理》的一个新视角[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2020, 6(5): 60-. Luo Weidong Cheng Chen. Alfred Marshall’s Discussion on ″Normal″ Conditions:A New Perspective on Principles of Economics. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2020, 6(5): 60-.
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https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/     或     https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/Y2020/V6/I5/60
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