薹草属Carex是莎草科Cyperaceae中最大的属,全世界共2 000多种,我国有527种[1].该属植物因先出叶全部合生成囊状而易与莎草科其他属植物区分,属内据枝先出叶的有无和形态、小穗的排列划分成3个亚属:复序薹草亚属subg. Indocarex (subg. Vigneastra)、薹草亚属subg. Carex和二柱薹草亚属subg. Vignea,各亚属又包括很多组.因薹草属植物分布广、种类多,一些种的采集较为困难,对其分类难度较大,如部分组的划分、组内一些种的归属、某些复合体的分类处理等,亟待进一步解决[1-2].
近年来,笔者在对莎草科薹草属植物的采集、整理和鉴定中,除已发现的一些新记录外[3-5],新发现了2种中国分布新记录和10种、1变种省级分布新记录,特予以报道.
1 中国新记录种 1.1 斯丁通薹草(新拟)Carex staintonii X. F. Jin, H. Ikeda et O. Yano in J. Jap. Bot. 90(2):111, fig. 1:A-F. 2015.
根状茎短,坚硬.秆高30~75 cm,粗1~1.5 mm,锐三棱形,无毛,平滑,基部具红棕色或棕色分裂成纤维状的鞘.叶长于或近等长于秆,宽1.5~3 mm,两边内卷或平张,上部粗糙.苞片叶状,长于花序,下部具鞘,上部几无鞘.小穗4~7,顶生2~4个雄性,棍棒状圆柱形,长1~3.5 cm,宽2~3 mm;其余小穗远离,圆柱形,花密生,长3~4 cm,宽3~4 mm,雄雌顺序或雌性,具柄.雄花鳞片长圆状椭圆形,长4~4.5 mm,黄棕色,顶端渐尖,背面具淡棕色的3脉.雌花鳞片倒卵形,长约2 mm,淡黄棕色,顶端渐尖,具小短尖,背面具淡棕色的1脉.果囊稍长于或近等长于雌花鳞片,宽倒卵球形,钝三棱形,长2~2.2 mm,黄绿色,被白色短硬毛,脉不明显,基部渐狭成短柄,顶端急缩成短喙,喙口具短2齿.小坚果紧包于果囊中,宽倒卵球形,三棱形,长约1.5 mm,栗色,基部渐狭具短柄;花柱无毛,基部弯曲,不增粗;柱头3.
China. Tibet (西藏), Gyirong (吉隆), under forests, 2 960 m, 2 Jun. 1972, Xizang Med. Exped. (西藏中草药普查队) 96 (HNWP, PE).
分布于尼泊尔[6],生于2 400~2 740 m的开阔草地、石旁,山坡草地.中国分布新记录种.
本种与长茎薹草C. ssetigera接近,区别在于植株无匍匐茎,秆丛生,雌小穗宽3~4 mm,雌花鳞片先端具短芒.
以往长茎薹草C. setigera的部分标本被误作为新种披针鳞薹草C. lancisquamata发表,而本种的标本则被误定为C. setigera[1].
1.2 刺猬薹草(新拟)Carex echinata Murray, Prodr. Stirp. Gotting. 76. 1770.
根状茎短,斜升.秆丛生,高13~33 cm,三棱形,上部粗糙,下部平滑,基部具淡褐色叶鞘.叶长于或近等长于秆,宽1~2 mm,平张,质稍硬.苞片鳞片状,稀,最下部一枚为刚毛状.小穗3~5,长4~11 mm,雌雄顺序;顶生小穗雄花部分较长,成条形,雌花部分星状开展,其余小穗大部为雌花,成星状开展.雄花鳞片宽卵形,长2.2~2.4 mm,宽约2 mm,淡黄褐色,膜质,边缘白色,顶端急尖,背面具1脉.雌花鳞片宽卵形,长2~2.3 mm,宽约1.6 mm,黄褐色,膜质,边缘白色,顶端急尖或有时具小短尖,背面具绿色1脉.果囊长于雌花鳞片,卵状三角形,平凸状,长3.1~3.5 mm,宽1.4~1.5 mm,近膜质,淡黄绿色,背面具8条细脉,腹面具不明显的2条脉,边缘稍增厚,基部近圆形或平截,有海绵状组织,先端渐缩成长约1.5 mm的喙,喙缘有锯齿,喙口具2小齿.小坚果紧包于果囊中,卵球形或卵状椭球形,平凸状,长1.6~1.9 mm,宽约1 mm,淡黄绿色;花柱基部不增粗,柱头2.
China. Tibet (西藏), Mêdog (墨脱), Dayandong (大岩洞), in grasses at forest margins, 2850 m, 8 Jun. 2017, X. H. Xiong (熊先华) 1006 (HTC).
北半球分布较广,见于北美洲、欧洲及大洋洲[7],一般分布于高海拔地带.中国新记录种.
本种与小星穗薹草C. angustior接近,区别在于本种果囊背面具明显的8条细脉,腹面近基部稍具细脉,喙口具2小齿,边缘粗糙.
2 省级新记录种 2.1 截喙薹草(植物研究)Carex truncatirostris S.W. Su & S.M. Xu in Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 9(1):45, fig. 1. 1989. S.W. Su in X.H. Qian, Fl. Anhui 5:476, fig. 2998. 1992.
China. Hubei (湖北), Tongshan (通山), Jiugongshan Natural Reserve (九宫山自然保护区), Jitan (集潭), on slopes by rodesides, 400 m, 1 Apr. 2015, H.D. Huang et al. (黄汉东等) 1285 (HIB).
本种在《中国植物志》(第十二卷)和Flora of China(vol. 23)中均作仲氏薹草Carex chungii的异名处理,苏宋旺[10]根据其小坚果上下棱面不凹陷,仲氏薹草上下棱面均凹陷进行区分,认为截喙薹草应予以保留. JIN[9]通过对两者不同居群大量个体形态特征的测量和数据统计分析,发现本种具基生雌小穗,雄小穗宽不及1 mm,雄花鳞片和雌花鳞片均无芒,而仲氏薹草侧生小穗出自秆的中上部,雄小穗宽2~3 mm,雄花鳞片和雌花鳞片均具芒,明显有别.结合果囊和小坚果的扫描电镜观测,笔者认为应将截喙薹草处理成独立的种.
2.2 南平薹草(新拟)Carex nanpingensis X.F. Jin in Phytotaxa 317(1):39. 2017.——Carex chungii Z.P. Wang var. rigida Y.C. Tang & S.Yun Liang in L.K. Dai & S.Y. Liang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 12:522. 2000.
China. Hubei (湖北), Tongshan (通山), Jiugongshan Natural Reserve (九宫山自然保护区), Jinjigu (金鸡谷), under forests, 400 m, 11 Apr. 2015, H.D. Huang et al. (黄汉东等) 1315 (HIB).
本种曾被作为仲氏薹草的变种,两者的主要区别在于本种雄、雌小穗和雄小穗柄更长,花疏生[1-2]. JIN[9]基于对仲氏薹草与其近缘种的形态性状的测量和主成分分析,发现其变种坚硬薹草Carex chungii var. rigida与仲氏薹草能很好地分开,且其雌花鳞片亦无长芒,故将其提升为种级.
2.3 纤细薹草(中国植物志)Carex pergracilis Nelmes in Kew Bull. 3:107. 1948. L.K. Dai in L.K. Dai & S.Y. Liang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 12:449, pl. 90:26-28. 2000. L.K. Dai & T. Koyama in C.Y. Wu et al., Fl. China 23:437. 2010.
China. Hubei (湖北), Hefeng (合丰), Huping (湖坪) Farm, on grassy slopes, 1300~1350 m, 23 Aug. 1958, H.J. Li (李洪均) 5774 (PE).
本种略接近簇穗薹草C. gentilis,但其小穗较少,单生于每一苞鞘,顶生小穗雄性,区别明显.
2.4 丝叶薹草(中国高等植物图鉴)Carex capilliformis Franch. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, sér. 8, 7:89. 1895. K.T. Fu, Fl. Tsinling. 1(1):251, fig. 216. 1976. Anonymous, Icon. Corm. Sin. 5:303, fig. 7436. 1978. Y.C. Tang in L.K. Dai & S.Y. Liang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 12:167, pl. 33:9-12. 2000. Y.C. Tang et al. in C.Y. Wu et al., Fl. China 23:327. 2010.
China. Guizhou (贵州), Shibing (施秉), Mt. Yuntai (云台山), roadsides under forests, 970 m, 29 Apr. 2017, X.H. Xiong (熊先华) 931 (HTC).
本种与豌豆型薹草Carex pisiformis接近,两者的区别在于本种叶细丝状,宽1~2 mm,雌小穗细瘦,疏生花.与日本产的Carex fernaldiana的区别在于果囊被短柔毛,细脉不太明显.
采于贵州的标本雌小穗仅具3~5朵花,植株具匍匐茎,与模式标本稍有区别.
2.5 糙囊薹草(中国植物志)Carex scabrisacca Ohwi & T.S. Liu in J. Jap. Bot. 12:655. 1936. L.K. Dai et al. in C.Y. Wu et al., Fl. China 23:382. 2010.
China. Guizhou (贵州), Kaili (凯里), Xijiang (西江), Leigongping (雷公坪), by streams, 1 320 m, 21 May 1959, S. Guizhou Exped. (黔南队) 2069 (PE).
本种接近禾状薹草C. alopecuroides,但果囊中上部被短柔毛,与禾状薹草C. alopecuroides有明显不同.
2.6 小粒薹草(东北草本植物志)Carex karoi Freyn in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 40:303. 1890. Y.L. Chang & Y.L. Yang, Fl. Plant. Herb. Chin. Bor.-orient. 11:97, t. 43, fig. 1-6. 1976. L.K. Dai in L.K. Dai & S.Y. Liang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 12:256, pl. 49:4-6. 2000. L.K. Dai & T. Koyama in C.Y. Wu et al., Fl. China 23:364. 2010.
China. Tibet (西藏), Nyingchi (林芝), from Mêdog (墨脱) to Eight-One Road, near Galongla (嘎隆拉), in meadows, 20 Jun. 2017, X.H. Xiong (熊先华) 1043 (HTC).
分布于我国河北、辽宁、内蒙古和陕西,蒙古和俄罗斯也有分布[1-2].西藏分布新记录.
本种与细形薹草Carex tenuiformis接近,区别在于本种果囊较短,长1.5~2 mm,顶端近无喙或具极短的喙.
2.7 云南薹草(中国植物志)Carex yunnanensis Franch. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, sér. 8, 7:31. 1895. L.K. Dai in L.K. Dai & S.Y. Liang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 12:268, pl. 54:1-4. 2000. L.K. Dai et al. in R.C. Fang, Fl. Yunnan. 15:755, pl. 175:6-9. 2003. L.K. Dai et al. in C.Y. Wu et al., Fl. China 23:368. 2010.
China. Tibet (西藏), Zayü (察隅), Tsawarong (察瓦龙), Mt. Songta (松塔雪山), under Pinus forests, 2 800 m, 26 Jun. 1982, Qinghai-Xizang Exped. (青藏队) 7662 (PE).
本种果囊具光泽,喙中等长,顶生雄性小穗但常有雌花,接近大果囊薹草C. magnoutriculata,区别在于本种雌小穗宽3~4 mm,果囊长约3.5 mm.
2.8 紫鳞薹草(植物分类学报)Carex purpureosquamata L.K. Dai in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37:183, fig. 3:5-9. 1999. L.K. Dai in L.K. Dai & S.Y. Liang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 12:276, pl. 92:5-9. 2000. L.K. Dai & T. Koyama in C.Y. Wu et al., Fl. China 23:371. 2010.
China. Tibet (西藏), Mêdog (墨脱), Beibeng (背崩), from Xirang (稀让) to Deyang (德阳), Mt. Sangxing (桑兴山), by watersides, at forest edge, 1 900~2 200 m, 22 Apr. 1980, B.S. Li (李渤生) & S.Z. Cheng (程树志) 04256 (PE).
本种稍接近亮绿薹草C. finitima,其雌花鳞片和雄花鳞片均为紫褐色,小穗常1~3枚出自同一苞鞘,容易区别.
2.9 金佛山薹草(植物分类学报)Carex jinfoshanensis Tang & F.T. Wang ex S.Yun Liang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37:191, fig. 1:5-7. 1999. S.Y. Liang in L.K. Dai & S.Y. Liang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 12:427. 2000. S.Y. Liang et al. in C.Y. Wu et al., Fl. China 23:429. 2010.
China. Tibet, Mêdog (墨脱), Beibeng (背崩), Gelin (格林), in swamps, by streams, 1 800 m, 25 May 1983, S.Z. Cheng (程树志), Z.C. Ni (倪志诚) & B.S. Li (李渤生) 03787 (PE).
采于西藏墨脱的标本雌小穗长5~7 cm,宽5~5.5 mm,顶端常有雄花,果囊长于雌花鳞片,与重庆金佛山的标本稍有区别.
2.10 短叶亮绿薹草(中国植物志)Carex finitima Boott var. attenuata C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6:736. 1894. L.K. Dai in L.K. Dai & S.Y. Liang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 12:279. 2000. L.K. Dai & T. Koyama in C.Y. Wu et al., Fl. China 23:372. 2010.
China.Sichuan (四川), Baoxing (宝兴), Fengtongzhai National Natural Reserve (蜂桶寨国家级自然保护区), in grasses on slopes, 3 500 m, 10 Jul. 2017, X.H. Xiong (熊先华) 1136 (HTC).
分布于我国云南,印度、不丹、尼泊尔也有分布[1-2].四川分布新记录.
与模式变种的区别在于本种植株矮小,秆高25~35 cm,果囊长约5 mm,雄小穗长1~2.5 cm.
2.11 鹞落薹草(安徽植物志)Carex otaruensis Franch. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, sér. 8, 7:34. 1895. S.W. Su in X.H. Qian, Fl. Anhui 5:457, fig. 2971. 1992. S.Y. Liang in L.K. Dai & S.Y. Liang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 12:419. 2000. S.Y. Liang et al. in C.Y. Wu et al., Fl. China 23:426. 2010.
China. Zhejiang (浙江), Lin'an (临安), Changhua (昌化), Mt. Qianqingtang (千顷塘), in swamps, 10 May 2016, X.F. Jin (金孝锋) 3638 (HTC); the same locality, 12 May 2017, Y.F. Lu (鲁益飞) 56, 57, 58 (HTC).
分布于我国安徽,日本也有分布[1-2, 8].浙江分布新记录.
鹞落薹草因其苞片无鞘,果囊双凸状,具紫黑色点线,柱头2,以往被置于溪水薹草组sect. Forficulae.其与大理薹草Carex rubrobrunnea var. taliensis的区别在于果囊长于雌花鳞片,柱头短而早落,非宿存,为果囊长的2倍以上.
承蒙中国科学院植物研究所标本馆(PE)、中国科学院武汉植物园标本馆(HIB)和杭州师范大学植物标本馆(HTC)为查阅标本提供方便,中国科学院成都生物研究所熊先华博士惠赠四川和西藏的薹草属标本,在此一并致谢!
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