Objective： To investigate the effect of rapamycin，an mTOR inhibitor，on learning and memory ability of mice with pilocarpine (PILO)-induced seizure.
Methods： One hundred and sixty male adult ICR mice were randomly grouped as vehicle control (n=20)，rapamycin control (n=20)，PILO model (n=40)，rapamycin pre-treatment (n=40) and rapamycin post-treatment (n=40).PILO model and rapamycin treatment groups were injected with PILO to induce temporal lobe seizure.Rapamycin was administrated for 3 days before or after seizure.Morris water maze，Y maze and open field were used for the assessment of learning and memory，and FJB and Timm staining were conducted to detect the neuronal cell death and mossy fiber sprouting，respectively.
Results： No significant cell death was observed in the mice with PILO-induced seizure.The learning and memory were impaired in mice 7 to 10 days after PILO-induced seizure，which was evident by prolongation of avoiding latency(P<0.05)，decrease in number of correct reaction (P<0.01) and number of crossing (P<0.05).Treatment with rapamycin both pre- and post- PILO injection reversed seizure-induced cognitive impairment.In addition，rapamycin inhibited the mossy fiber sprouting after seizure (P<0.001).
Conclusion： Rapamycin improves learning and memory ability in ICR mice after PILO-induced seizure，and its mechanism needs to be further studied.

Objective： To explore the synergistic antidepressant effect of quercetin and hyperforin (HF，extracted from Hypericum perforatum).
Methods： Male ICR mice were divided into nine groups：blank control，positive control (Paroxetine，10 mg/kg)，quercetin groups (A:5 mg/kg，B:10 mg/kg，C:20 mg/kg)，Hypericum perforatum extract (HF 10 mg/kg)，combination groups (A：quercetin 2.5 mg/kg + HF 5 mg/kg，B：quercetin 5 mg/kg + HF 5 mg/kg，C:quercetin 10 mg/kg + HF 5 mg/kg).All drugs were administered intragastrically.Reserpine reversal tests were used to compare the reversal effects of drugs on body temperature decline，eyelid ptosis and akinesia.Tail suspension test was used to compare immobility time in each group.
Results： Combination group B showed no significant difference (P>0.05) compared with combination group C in reserpine reversal tests and tail suspension test.However，its body temperature reversal effect was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of quercetin group B，and its effect in shortening immobility time was stronger than that of HF 10 mg/kg group (P<0.05) and quercetin group B (P<0.01).
Conclusion： The combination of quercetin and Hypericum perforatum extract in certain ratio has significant synergistic antidepressant effect in ICR mice.

Objective： To investigate the effects of chrysalis oil on learning，memory and oxidative stress in D-galactose-induced ageing model of mice.
Methods： Mice were injected intraperitoneally with D-galactose daily and received chrysalis oil intragastrically simultaneously for 30 d.Then mice underwent space navigation test and spatial probe test，superoxide dismutase (SOD)，glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in mouse brain were measured.
Results： Compared to model group，escape latency in mice treated with 6 ml/kg·d chrysalis oil was significantly shorter (P<0.05)，crossing times in 12 ml/kg·d group and 6 ml/kg·d group treated with chrysalis oil were significantly increased (P <0.05).Chrysalis oil treatment (12ml/kg·d) significantly increased SOD and GSH-PX activity and reduced MDA contents in brain of D-galactose-induced aging mice.
Conclusion： Chrysalis oil can improve the ability of learning and memory in D-galactose-induced aging mice，and inhibit peroxidation in brain tissue.

Objective： To investigate the effects of D-galactose (D-gal) on aging of rat marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and its mechanism.
Methods： MSCs isolated from young (7 d) SD rats were randomly divided into four groups：control group，1 g/L，10 g/L and 50 g/L D-gal treatment groups.In control group MSCs were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS for 48 h.In the D-gal treatment groups，MSCs were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS with 1 g/L，10 g/L or 50 g/L D-gal for 48 h.The senescence-associated changes were examined with SA-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining，the expressions of p53，p21 and p16 were detected by Western blot.The aliving and apoptotic cells were determined by AO/EB staining.Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay.SOD activity was measured by xanthine oxidase method，and the MDA content was estimated with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method.
Results： Compared to control group，the number of SA-β-gal positive cells and the expression of p53，p21 and p16 were significantly increased in the 10 g/L and 50 g/L D-gal treatment groups.The apoptosis rate in 50 g/L D-gal group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.01).The proliferation of MSCs was decreased in the 10 g/L and 50 g/L D-gal groups compared to control group (P<0.05).After 10 g/L and 50 g/L D-gal treatment，SOD activity was significantly decreased (P<0.01)，and MDA level was increased (P<0.01).
Conclusion： The aging of MSCs can be induced by 10 g/L and 50 g/L D-gal，which may be associated with the elevated levels of oxidative stress.

Objective： To investigate the effects of Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder water extracts (CEW) on α-glucosidase activity (AG) and blood sugar in mice.
Methods： The inhibition of AG by CEW was studied with enzyme-inhibitor screening external model with acarbose as control drug.The normal mice were administrated by gavage with 40.0 g·kg^-1，or 10.0 g·kg^-1 of CEW，0.375 g·kg^-1 of acarbose，and 0.3ml of normal saline，respectively in successive 5 days; then the animals were loaded with 2.0 g·kg-1 of glucose，4.0 g·kg-1 of sucrose，and 2.0 g·kg-1 of starch and blood sugar levels were measured within 15，30，60，and 120min.Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in mice，then 40.0 g·kg^-1，or 10.0 g·kg^-1 of CEW was given to diabetic mice in successive 2 weeks and 4 weeks，then the blood sugar levels were measured.
Results： In the enzyme inhibition test，when the concentration of CEW was between 0.3125 g·L^-1-10.00 g·L^-1，the inhibition rate was 55.42%-92.73%; when the concentration of acarbose was 1.5625 g·L^-1-25.00 g·L^-1，the inhibition rate was 9.28%-64.87%.In the sugar tolerance test，the blood sugar value in starch-loaded mice decreased sharply (P<0.01)，followed by sucrose-loaded group (P<0.05)，and there was no change in glucose-loaded group (P>0.05).In diabetic mice CEW-40 and CEW-10 groups showed significant blood sugar lowering effect (P<0.01 or P<0.05).
Conclusions： CEW has stronger effect in inhibition of AG activity than acarbose.CEW can increase the sugar tolerance in normal mice and decrease the blood sugar level in diabetic mice.

Objective： To prepare freeze-dried long-circulation oridonin liposomes with optimized parameters.
Methods： Ethanol injection method followed by freeze-drying was used to prepare the liposomes.Sephadex column was used to purify liposomes.Effects of formulation factors on entrapment efficiency of long-circulation oridonin liposomes were studied.The particle size，distribution and in vitro release were determined.Pharmacokinetics of oridonin liposomes in rats was determined by HPLC and the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by KineticaTM software were compared with conventional oridonin liposomes and solution.
Results： The optimized lipid formulation for long-circulation liposomes was composed of soy lecithin，cholesterol and DSPE-PEG 2000 with a ratio of 1∶0.5∶1.8(w/w).The ratio of drug to lipid was 1∶6.Freeze-drying protectant was a mixture of glucose and mannitol (3∶1).The entrapment efficiency (EE) of long-circulation oridonin liposomes was about 65%.The particle size of liposomes after hydrolyzation was 164 nm with good DPI.The liposomes showed a sustained drug release in vitro.Intravenous injected oridonin fitted with two-compartment pharmacokinetic model.The MRT of long-circulation liposomes was 2 times and 6 times and AUC was about 2 times and 3 times of conventional liposomes and oridonin solution，respectively.
Conclusion： Freeze-dried liposomes with high EE have been obtained by the proposed approach.This long-circulation liposomes extend oridonin half time and significantly increase AUC in rats.

Objective： To prepare nanofibrous membranes of poly (vinyl alcohol)/chitosan (PVA/CS) loaded with varied salvianic acid A sodium (SAS) contents.
Methods： Ultrafine fiber mats were prepared with PVA/CS as matrix and SAS as model drug.The structure and morphology of the nanofibrous membranes were characterized by FT-IR and SEM.Drug-loading amount and drug release profiles of these membranes were determined by UV VIS spectra，and the degradation of the membranes was also investigated.
Results： Average diameters of PVA/CS/SAS nanofibers with different SAS contents were 280~390 nm.Drug-loading amount of these nanofibrous membranes was high and exhibited sustained and controlled release behavior for SAS.
Conclusion： The PVA/CS/SAS nanofibrous membrane prepared in this study loads drug uniformly and has remarkably sustained release behavior，which may offer strategies for the research and development of novel topical drug delivery systems.

Objective： To investigate the protective effect of purple sweet potato flavonoids (PSPF) on CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice.
Methods： Sixty mice were randomly divided into six groups (n=10 in each)：blank group，model group，PSPF groups (400 mg·kg^-1，200 mg·kg^-1 and 100 mg·kg^-1) and positive control group (DDB 150 mg·kg^-1).Acute liver injury was induced by administration of peanut oil with 0.1% CCl4 (10 mg·kg^-1) in mice.The viscera index，serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)，aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured，and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in hepatic tissues were also measured.The pathological changes of liver were observed with microscopy.
Results： PSPF significantly decreased serum ALT，AST and LDH levels (P<0.05 or P<0.01）and MDA content in hepatic tissues (P<0.01)，increased the activities of SOD(P<0.01).
Conclusion： Ipomoea batatas; Flavones/analysis; Liver/pathology; Liver/injuries; Purple sweet potato total flavonoids can prevent CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice，which may be related to inhibition of lipid peroxidation and reduction of oxygen free radicals.

Objective： To construct a recombinant adenovirus (pAdxsi-GFP-HIF) encoding human hypoxia inducible factor 1αgene (HIF-1α) and to express it in endothelial cells.
Methods： HIF-1αgene was obtained from human lung cancer cell line A549，which was cultured in hypoxia condition，by RT-PCR.The HIF-1αgene was subcloned into shuttle vector pShuttle-CMV-EGFP at KpnI and BamHI sites.After identified with restriction enzymes，plasmid pShuttle-GFP-HIF was linearized by digestion with restriction endonuclease I-CeuI and I-SceI，and subsequently cotransformed into E.coli DH5a with adenoviral backbone plasmid pAdxsi to make homologous recombination.After linearized by PacI，the homologous recombinant adenovirus plasmid was transfected into 293 cells to package and amplify.The recombinant adenovirus was infected with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECV304)，and the expression level of HIF-1αprotein was evaluated by ELISA.
Results： The recombinant adenovirus vector containing HIF-1αgene (pAdxsi-GFP-HIF) was successfully constructed and amplified with titer of 3.38×1010 pfu/mL.The green fluorescence protein was detected under fluorescent microscope in ECV304 at 24h after transfection and with a stronger degree after 48h.The concentration of HIF-1 protein was (48.93±3.86)ng/mL in supernatant at 48 h after transfection.
Conclusion： A recombinant adenovirus vector pAdxsi-GFP-HIF，encoding human hypoxia inducible factor 1αgene，has been constructed in vitro and expressed successfully in ECV304 cells.

Objective： To compare three different methods in transfection of plasmid pGPU6/GFP/Neo into chicken embryo fibroblast.
Methods： Different doses （1.25 μl，2 μl，2.5 μl）of Lipofec-tamin2000，Gbfectene-Elite and HilyMax were used to transfect 1 μg plasmid pGPU6/GFP/Neo.The transfection efficiency was observed by the fluorescence and the cell viabilities were measured.
Results： The transfection efficiency of HilyMax was significant higher than that of Lipofectamin2000 and Gbfectene-Elite（86.85%±2.32% vs 48.33%±3.24% and vs 37.35%±5.41%; F=18.882，P<0.05）.The transfection efficiency of 2.5 μl HilyMax was highest（90.53%±1.15%）.The cell viability of Lipofectamin2000 was significantly lower than that of HilyMax and Gbfectene-Elite（65.76%±5.78% vs 89.54%±0.86% and vs 82.45%±3.56%;F＝90.676，P＜0.05）.
Conclusion： HilyMax has the highest transfection efficiency and the lowest cell toxicity in transfection of plasmid pGPU6/GFP/Neo into chicken embryo fibroblast，with the optimal ratio of 2.5 μl HilyMax：1 μg plasmid.

Objective： To prepare the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres and composite alginate-chitosan-PLGA microspheres containing superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and to evaluate their SOD activities.
Methods： The SOD-PLGA microspheres were prepared by W/O/W emulsification method，and the composite microspheres were prepared by two steps：alginate-chitosan microcapsules were first prepared by a modified emulsification and ion crosslinking method，and then they were further dispersed in PLGA to form the composite microspheres.The SOD concentration was determined by Coomassie method，its activity was measured by xanthine oxidase system.
Results： The SOD activity was less sensitive to temperature and sensitive to pH，organic solvents，ultrasound and vigorous stir without iced bath.The entrapment efficiencies of SOD in PLGA (50∶50) microspheres，PLGA (70∶30) microspheres，alginate-chitosan microcapsules，the composite PLGA (50∶50) microspheres and the composite PLGA (70∶30) microspheres were 36.42%±1.81%，66.18%±0.05%，91.08%±1.28%，87.30%±3.89% and 83.19%±3.48%,respectively.In vitro release tests demonstrated that the SOD activities in 50∶50 composite microspheres were higher than that in the PLGA ones at 1 h，8 h and 1 w.
Conclusion： The composite alginate-chitosan-PLGA microspheres for SOD sustained release can significantly improve the protein entrapment efficiency and maintain its protein activity.

Objective： To evaluate the efficacy of sequential enteral nutrition support in patients with severe cerebral stroke.
Methods： Forty-nine patients with severe cerebral stroke met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into sequential enteral nutrition group (Group A，n=24) and conventional enteral nutrition group (Group B，n=25).Patients in Group A received short-peptide-based enteral nutrition support first，then gradually transferred to intact protein enteral nutrition.Meanwhile，patients in Group B constantly received intact protein enteral nutrition support.The nutritional indexes and the rate of complications were compared between two groups.
Results： The nutritional indexes were decreased in both groups within 4 weeks after admission，but the decreasing levels of hemoglobin and albumin in Group A were significantly lower than those in Group B (P<0.05)，and the incidence of infections and gastrointestinal hemorrhage in Group A was also lower than that in Group B (P<0.05).However,there were no significant differences in body weight，BMI，triceps skinfold thickness，biceps circumference，arm muscle circumference between two groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion： Sequential enteral nutritional support can improve the nutritional status and decrease the incidence of complications in critical patients with cerebral stroke.

Objective： To evaluate the role of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during robotic atrial myxoma excision.
Methods： Thirty-eight consecutive patients undergoing robotic atrial myxoma excision from September 2007 to August 2012 were enrolled in the study.During the procedure，TEE was performed to document the myxoma position，its attachment，and hemodynamic information before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).During establishment of peripheral CPB，TEE was used to guide placement of the cannulae in the inferior vena cava (IVC)，superior vena cava (SVC)，and ascending aorta (AAO).After weaning from CPB，TEE was performed to evaluate the effect of the procedure.
Results： The accuracy of TEE for the position or its attachment of the myxoma was 100%.All the cannulae in the SVC，IVC and AAO were located in correct position.In all patients，TEE confirmed successful excision.
Conclusion： Intraoperative TEE is a valuable adjunct in patients undergoing robotic atrial myxoma excision.

Objective： To assess the effect of bladder neck preservation (BNP) on postoperative continence during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.
Methods： One hundred and forty-five patients with localized prostate cancer (Tlb-T2c) underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in our center from July 2006 to May 2010，including 59 cases treated with bladder neck preservation (BNP group) and 86 cases with bladder neck resection (non-BNP group).All cases were diagnosed as prostate cancer by transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy preoperatively，in which localized tumors were confirmed by CT or MRI and distant metastases were ruled out by ECT bone scan.All patients had no history of incontinence and no radiation therapy preoperatively.All the 145 operations were performed by the same surgeon.The bladder neck preservation was defined as a procedure of direct suturing of the bladder neck on the urethra without repair and reconstruction of the bladder neck.Both procedures of neurovascular bundle preservation and external striated urethral sphincter preservation were carried out on all cases.Urinary continence was evaluated using the International Continence Society questionnaire at 1，3 and 6 months postoperatively.Positive surgical margins rates were compared between the two groups.Postoperative continence was defined as the absence of need for pads or the use of one pad daily.
Results： At 1，3 and 6 months，the urinary continence rates were 42.4%，74.6% and 86.4% in BNP group，respectively，while 25.6%，58.1% and 80.2% in non-BNP group，respectively.There were statistically significant differences in continence at 1 and 3 months between two groups (P<0.05)，while no significant differences were observed at 6 months postoperatively (P=0.331).There were no significant differences in overall rate of positive surgical margins between two groups (10.1% vs 10.4%; P=0.954) and both groups had one case with positive surgical margins at bladder neck.
Conclusion： Bladder neck preservation during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is helpful for postoperative continence without increase of positive surgical margins rate.

Parkinson′s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system，affecting 1 in 50 people over the age of 60 years.PD is the result of loss of a majority of dopamine（DA）neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra.The basic pathological feature of PD is the formation of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies，Lewy bodies.So far，what leads to DA neuron degeneration is uncertain.Thirteen familial PD related loci have been identified，including six mutations：α-SYN(PARK1/4)，Parkin(PARK2)，UCHL1(PARK5)，PINK1(PARK6)，DJ-1(PARK7) and LRRK2(PARK8).Drosophila has been widely used in the study of human diseases because of its genetic advantages.The drosophila DA synthesis is similar to human，and drosophila DA system is also involved in motion control，so it is generally considered that DA neuron death of drosophila can be a perfect model of PD.In this article we review the progress of research methods based on drosophila model in study of mechanisms related to Parkinson′s disease.

The function of erythropoietin (EPO) is recognized as a stimulator for proliferation of red blood cell (RBC)，however，recent studies have showed that EPO and EPO-R are widely distributed in nervous system，which indicates that it may also have important functions in neurosystem.Studies proved its neuroprotective effects，especially in ischemic-hypoxic nerve tissues.These effects are mainly activated through several signal transduction pathway downstream and multiple mechanisms are involved.As a neuroprotective factor，EPO has been investigated in the clinical studies，which may lead to the clinical application in the future.

Bacteriophage is a bacterium dependent virus.It has unique advantages in the treatment of bacterial infection，especially infection caused by drug-resistant bacteria.Its metabolic kinetics and route of administration are the current research focus.Bacteriophage lytic enzyme，as a new therapeutic method，has more advantages than active bacteriophage.This review is focused on the recent progress in bacteriophage research，including the mechanism of bacteria lysis，the route of administration，the application of genetic engineering，etc.

Metabonomics has developed rapidly in post-genome era，and becomes a hot topic of omics.The core idea of metabonomics is to determine the metabolites of relatively low-weight molecular in organisms or cells，by a series of analytical methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance，color spectrum and mass spectrogram，then to transform the data of metabolic pattern into useful information，by chemometric tools and pattern recognition software，and to reveal the essence of life activities of the body.With advantages of high-throughput，high-sensitivity and high-accuracy，metabolomics shows great potential and value in cancer individualized treatment.This paper introduces the concept，contents and methods of metabonomics and reviews its application in cancer individualized therapy.