神经元树突形态建成分子机制的研究进展

doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.02.09

浙江大学学报（医学版）

2020, Vol. 49

Issue (1): 90-99 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.02.09

综述

神经元树突形态建成分子机制的研究进展

赵维霞¹(

),邹炜^1,^2,*(

)

1. 浙江大学转化医学研究院, 浙江杭州 310058
2. 浙江大学医学院附属第四医院, 浙江义乌 322000

Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms regulating neuronal dendrite morphogenesis

ZHAO Weixia¹(

),ZOU Wei^1,^2,*(

)

1. Department of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
2. The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang Province, China

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摘要：

神经元是神经系统的基本结构和功能单元，精确的神经树突形态建成是神经环路形成的重要前提。已有研究鉴定了树突发育调控的相关因子并阐明了其功能与机制。根据其在体内发挥功能的位置分为神经元树突发育的内在调控因子和外在调控因子。内在调控因子主要可分为细胞特异性转录因子、肌动蛋白聚合与解聚调控因子和参与分泌、内吞途径的相关因子，它们由神经细胞产生并对本身的树突发育起到重要调控作用。外在调控因子主要分为分泌型因子和接触依赖型因子，分泌型因子主要通过其他组织分泌到内环境的相关因子来调控相应神经树突发育，而接触依赖型因子则主要通过相邻的组织细胞与神经元的接触作用促进或抑制树突导向与生长。本文综述了近些年来人们利用线虫、果蝇和小鼠等多种动物模型在研究神经元树突发育的内在和外在因子分子机制上的进展。这些研究将有助于理解神经系统疾病中相关的树突发育异常机制。

关键词： 树突/发育; 神经元; 分子生物学; 综述

Abstract:

Neurons are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Precisely regulated dendrite morphogenesis is the basis of neural circuit assembly. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the regulatory mechanisms of dendritic morphogenesis. According to their action regions, we divide them into two categories: the intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of neuronal dendritic morphogenesis. Intrinsic factors are cell type-specific transcription factors, actin polymerization or depolymerization regulators and regulators of the secretion or endocytic pathways. These intrinsic factors are produced by neuron itself and play an important role in regulating the development of dendrites. The extrinsic regulators are either secreted proteins or transmembrane domain containing cell adhesion molecules. They often form receptor-ligand pairs to mediate attractive or repulsive dendritic guidance. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the intrinsic and external molecular mechanisms of dendrite morphogenesis from multiple model organisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila and mice. These studies will provide a better understanding on how defective dendrite development and maintenance are associated with neurological diseases.

Key words: Dendrites/development Neurons Molecular biology Review

收稿日期: 2019-07-09 出版日期: 2020-06-08

CLC:

R338.1+2

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金(31800861)

通讯作者: 邹炜 E-mail: weixiazhao@zju.edu.cn;zouwei@zju.edu.cn

作者简介: 赵维霞(1995-), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要从事神经元树突发育研究; E-mail:weixiazhao@zju.edu.cn; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0980-3304

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引用本文:

赵维霞, 邹炜. 神经元树突形态建成分子机制的研究进展[J]. 浙江大学学报（医学版）, 2020, 49(1): 90-99.

ZHAO Weixia, ZOU Wei. Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms regulating neuronal dendrite morphogenesis. J Zhejiang Univ (Med Sci), 2020, 49(1): 90-99.

链接本文:

http://www.zjujournals.com/med/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.02.09 或 http://www.zjujournals.com/med/CN/Y2020/V49/I1/90

表 1 神经元树突建成的内在调控蛋白

表 2 神经元树突建成的外在调控蛋白

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