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浙江大学学报（医学版）
浙江大学学报（医学版）  2019, Vol. 48 Issue (1): 75-82    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2019.02.12
原著     
气质、父母教养方式与幼儿心理韧性的关系
牛玉柏1(),张凌燕1,郝泽生1,季雨竹2,3()
1. 浙江理工大学心理学系， 浙江 杭州 310018
2. 中国科学院行为科学重点实验室 中国科学院心理研究所， 北京 100101
3. 中国科学院大学， 北京 100049
Relationship between temperament, parenting style and resilience of children aged 3-5 years
NIU Yubai1(),ZHANG Lingyan1,HAO Zesheng1,JI Yuzhu2,3()
1.School of Psychology, Zhejiang Science and Technology University, Hangzhou 310018, China
2.Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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摘要： 目的

考察3～5岁幼儿心理韧性的发展特点并探讨气质、父母教养方式与幼儿心理韧性之间的关系，检验父母教养方式的中介作用。

 方法

选取杭州市570名幼儿为被试对象，由幼儿教师完成Devereux幼儿心理韧性量表评定，由幼儿父母完成气质问卷和教养方式问卷的评定。采用AMOS 17.0对幼儿气质、父母教养方式与心理韧性之间的关系进行结构方程模型检验，并采用非参数百分位Bootstrap方法对模型的中介效应进行检验。

 结果

共回收有效问卷432份，回收率为75.79%。5岁幼儿心理韧性的主动性和自我调节两个维度高于3岁和4岁幼儿（均P＜0.01），依恋/关系维度高于4岁幼儿（P＜0.01）；女生的主动性和自我调节维度高于男生（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。气质的负性情绪维度与心理韧性三个维度均呈负相关(均P＜0.05)，而努力控制维度和权威型教养方式则与心理韧性三个维度均呈正相关（均P＜0.05）。负性情绪和努力控制均部分通过权威型教养方式预测幼儿心理韧性（中介效应分别为 -0.0143和0.0363）。

 结论

3～5岁幼儿心理韧性存在年龄、性别差异，且父母教养方式在气质与心理韧性之间起中介作用。
关键词： 心理学，儿童;  儿童抚养;  教育/方法;  气质;  双亲;  调查和问卷    
Abstract: Objective

To investigate the developmental characteristics of resilience in children aged 3-5, and to explore the relationship between temperament, parenting style and resilience.

 Methods

A total of 570 preschoolers aged 3-5 years in Hangzhou participated in this study. The children’s teachers completed the assessment of the resilience scale of DECA-P2 (Devereux Early Childhood Assessment for Preschoolers Second Edition); the children’s parents completed assessment of temperament questionnaire CBQ (Children’s Behavior Questionnaire) and parenting style questionnaire PSDQ (Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire).

 Results

Totally 432 valid questionnaires were retrieved with a recovery rate of 75.79%. The levels of initiative and self-regulation of 5-y children were higher than those of children aged 3 or 4 (all P＜0.01); the level of attachment/relationship of 5-y children was higher than that of children aged 4 (P＜0.01); the levels of initiative and self-regulation of girls were higher than those of boys (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The negative affect dimension of temperament was negatively correlated with resilience (all P＜0.05), while the effortful control and authoritative parenting styles were positively correlated with resilience (all P＜0.05). The negative affect and effortful control were able to partially predict resilience of children through authoritative parenting style (mediating effect were -0.0143 and 0.0363).

 Conclusion

Preschoolers aged 3-5 years with different age and gender show differences in resilience, and parenting styles may play a mediating effect between temperament and resilience.
Key words: Psychology, child    Child rearing    Education/methods    Temperament    Parents    Surveys and questionnaires
收稿日期: 2018-02-05 出版日期: 2019-05-10
:  B844  
基金资助: 浙江省社科联研究课题(2013N081)
通讯作者: 季雨竹     E-mail: 1056926355@qq.com;yuzhu@hotmail.com
作者简介: 牛玉柏（1969—），女，硕士，副教授，硕士生导师，主要从事儿童认知与社会性发展相关研究；E-mail： 1056926355@qq.com； https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-3925|季雨竹（1990—），女，博士研究生，主要从事儿童认知与社会性发展相关研究；E-mail： yuzhu@hotmail.com； https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4199-0891
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引用本文:

牛玉柏,张凌燕,郝泽生,季雨竹. 气质、父母教养方式与幼儿心理韧性的关系[J]. 浙江大学学报（医学版）, 2019, 48(1): 75-82.

NIU Yubai,ZHANG Lingyan,HAO Zesheng,JI Yuzhu. Relationship between temperament, parenting style and resilience of children aged 3-5 years. J Zhejiang Univ (Med Sci), 2019, 48(1): 75-82.

链接本文:

http://www.zjujournals.com/med/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2019.02.12    或    http://www.zjujournals.com/med/CN/Y2019/V48/I1/75

组　别 n 主动性 自我调节 依恋/关系
3岁　男性 65 2.05±0.61 2.31±0.56 2.79±0.65
女性 51 2.32±0.53 2.57±0.48 2.94±0.62
4岁　男性 85 2.04±0.68 2.37±0.51 2.64±0.67
女性 69 2.09±0.71 2.51±0.46 2.65±0.68
5岁　男性 86 2.41±0.75 2.53±0.46 2.83±0.58
女性 76 2.53±0.70 2.81±0.53 3.04±0.63
表1  3～5岁幼儿心理韧性各维度的描述性统计结果
组　别 n 外倾性 负性情绪 努力控制
3岁　男性 65 4.19±0.88 4.05±0.74 5.07±0.79
女性 51 3.90±0.68 4.12±0.86 5.48±0.50
4岁　男性 85 4.12±0.70 4.06±0.76 5.10±0.63
女性 69 4.02±0.73 4.13±0.75 5.33±0.70
5岁　男性 86 4.31±0.75 3.96±0.74 5.15±0.64
女性 76 4.05±0.64 4.07±0.82 5.50±0.57
表2  3～5岁幼儿气质各维度的描述性统计结果
变　量 主动性 自我调节 依恋/关系
外倾性 0.10* -0.05 0.05
负性情绪 -0.16** -0.14** -0.14**
努力控制 0.10* 0.12* 0.13**
表3  3～5岁幼儿气质与心理韧性各维度的偏相关分析结果（r值）
组　别 n 权威型教养 专制型教养 鼓励谦虚 羞愧/爱剥夺 保　护 命　令
3岁　男性 65 57.67±7.49 23.10±6.43 6.87±2.25 8.18±2.52 10.02±2.44 9.26±1.79
女性 51 56.81±6.98 22.02±5.07 6.86±2.50 8.24±2.30 9.55±2.59 9.06±1.85
4岁　男性 85 55.52±8.89 22.97±6.23 6.75±2.12 8.42±2.19 9.97±2.36 9.27±1.88
女性 69 57.73±6.40 21.30±5.27 6.64±2.55 7.96±2.10 9.69±2.32 8.83±1.80
5岁　男性 86 56.46±8.42 21.89±4.70 6.82±2.33 8.38±2.09 9.60±2.23 9.25±1.87
女性 76 56.46±7.79 21.92±5.02 6.48±2.33 8.21±2.47 9.86±2.18 9.38±2.05
表4  3～5岁幼儿父母教养方式各维度的描述性统计结果
变　量 主动性 自我调节 依恋/关系
权威型教养 0.16** 0.14** 0.14**
专制型教养 -0.04 -0.10* -0.09
鼓励谦虚 -0.004 -0.04 -0.07
羞愧/爱剥夺 -0.05 -0.04 -0.08
保　护 -0.04 -0.07 -0.09
命　令 -0.06 -0.03 -0.07
表5  父母教养方式与幼儿心理韧性各维度的偏相关分析结果（r值）
图1  气质对幼儿心理韧性的预测作用模型
图2  父母教养方式的中介效应模型
模　型 χ 2 df χ 2/df RMSEA GFI TLI CFI
模型1 2.705 5 0.54 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
模型2 24.663 10 2.466 0.058 0.985 0.953 0.978
模型3 24.666 11 2.242 0.054 0.985 0.960 0.979
表6  各模型拟合指数
路　径 中介效应 95% CI 中介效应占比（%）
负性情绪→权威型教养→心理韧性 -0.13×0.11=-0.0143 -0.04～-0.002 7.8
努力控制→权威型教养→心理韧性 0.33×0.11=0.0363 0.01～0.08 20.6
表7  中介效应的Bootstrap检验
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