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N层过盈联接结合压力算法研究
徐俊良,王建梅,宁可,李璞     
太原科技大学 山西省冶金设备设计理论与技术重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024
摘要: 过盈联接作为联接件间的传统配合方式,具有结构简单、承载能力高等优点,在机械工程领域有着广泛的应用,其研究大多数局限在单层或3层以内的联接.随着机械设备中多层过盈联接应用逐步增多,为进一步完善多层过盈联接设计理论,以厚壁圆筒理论为基础,通过分析过盈联接中各圆筒的几何关系,推导出过盈联接中过盈量与圆筒内、外表面径向位移的变化关系,得到了N层过盈联接结合压力与过盈量的矩阵表达式;用推导所得的解析法和Abaqus数值法,对比分析了过盈联接结合压力和过盈结合面两端存在的应力集中现象.结果表明:N层过盈联接中最内层过盈的结合压力随着过盈层数的增加而增加,结合压力由内到外依次减小;解析法和数值法的计算结果基本吻合,中点相对误差均在4%之内,说明该解析法可以为N层过盈联接设计提供可靠的理论指导.同时,数值法计算中显示在结合面两端存在应力集中,不同模型最内层过盈面的理论应力集中系数差别较小,且各模型中理论应力集中系数由内到外呈现依次增大的规律.提出的算法和所得规律对N层过盈联接的设计研究工作具有一定的指导和帮助.
关键词: N     过盈联接     过盈量     结合压力    

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U1610109,51505475);山西省专利推广实施资助专项(20161005);山西省自然科学基金资助项目(201601D011049);山西省重点研发计划重点项目(201603D111017)
Research on algorithm of coupling pressure of N-layer interference fit
XU Jun-liang, WANG Jian-mei, NING Ke, LI Pu     
Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment Design and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
Abstract: As the traditional fit among interconnecting components, interference fit has such advantages as high load-carrying capacity and simple structure, and it is widely used in mechanical engineering field. However, the majority of studies are limited within the interconnection of single layer or less than three layers. With the increasing of application of multi-layer interference fit in mechanical devices, in order to further improve design theory of multi-layer interference fit, on the basis of thick-walled cylinder theory, the relationship between the amount of interference and the displacement of inner and outer diameter was deduced through the analysis on the geometrical relationship among cylinders, and the equation of N-layer interference coupling which involved coupling pressure and amount of interference was derived. By means of the derived analytical method and Abaqus, the coupling pressure of interference fit and the stress concentration phenomenon on both ends of coupling surface were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that coupling pressure of inner layer increased with the increase of layer amount in N-layer interference fit, and the coupling pressure decreased from inner to outer layer, the results of analytical method and numerical method were basically consistent, the relative error of medium point was less than 4%, which showed that such analytical method is reliable for N-layer interference fit design. Meanwhile, the numerical method showed that the stress concentration existed on both ends of the coupling surface, and the stress concentration factor was smaller in the inner layer of each model, while it increased from inner to outer layer. The proposed algorithms and rules can provide guidance and help for the design of N-layer interference fit.
Key words: N-layer     interference fit     magnitude of interference     coupling pressure    

过盈联接在机械工程领域有着广泛的应用,机械传动系统利用过盈联接传递扭矩和轴向力,典型的应用实例有锁紧盘等[1];大中型设备和零件应用过盈联接可以保护主部件和节约材料,比如油膜轴承弹性结合锥套[2];化工机械应用过盈联接以增强高压容器承载能力并节约材料,比如热套压力容器[3].

目前,过盈联接研究主要集中在单层过盈联接,比如:许定奇等[4]基于厚壁圆筒理论推导了圆柱、圆锥过盈联接的设计计算方法;Boutoutaou和Hamid等[5-6]基于有限元方法分析了表面粗糙度对圆柱过盈联接的影响;Lucjan等[7]研究了激光强化处理对圆锥过盈联接承载性能的影响;Irappa等[8]研究了不同冷处理装配及不同冷却时间对过盈联接承载性能的影响;贾国海和Frederic等[9-10]研究了微动磨损和微动疲劳对圆柱过盈联接的影响;Giorgio等[11]探讨了在圆柱过盈接触面间添加黏结剂对其承载能力的影响;马平和张国军等[12-13]分析了转速大小对过盈配合的影响;Marshall等[14]通过超声波仪器间接测量得到了圆柱过盈联接结合压力值.通过查阅文献发现有关多层过盈联接的研究较少,并且大多集中在3层以内的过盈联接[15-18].

本文依据厚壁圆筒理论和过盈联接中各圆筒的几何关系,推导了N层过盈联接结合压力与过盈量关系的通用算法.利用所得解析法和Abaqus数值法对不同过盈层数模型各结合面的结合压力分别进行求解,对比分析了2种方法所得的过盈联接结合压力.同时,对各层结合压力和应力集中进行了分析.

1 理论算法推导

依据厚壁圆筒理论,基于Lame方程得到厚壁圆筒受内外压时,筒内任意一点的径向位移[19]为:

$ u = \frac{{1-\upsilon }}{E}\cdot\frac{{{a^2}{p_1}-{b^2}{p_2}}}{{{b^2}-{a^2}}}\cdot\rho - \frac{{1 + v}}{E}\cdot\frac{{{a^2}{b^2}({p_1} - {p_2})}}{{{b^2} - {a^2}}}\cdot\frac{1}{\rho } $ (1)

式中:E为材料的弹性模量;υ为材料的泊松比;p1为圆筒所受内压;p2为圆筒所受外压;a为圆筒的内径;b为圆筒的外径;ρ为圆筒内任意一点的半径.

图 1N层圆筒过盈联接中圆筒Ci的受力及变形图.定义pi-1为圆筒Ci-1Ci过盈联接的结合压力;pi为圆筒CiCi+1过盈联接的结合压力;Δ1,i为圆筒Ci受压后内表面的径向位移;Δ2,i为圆筒Ci受压后外表面的径向位移,由公式(1) 可得:

图 1 N层圆筒过盈联接中圆筒Ci的受力及变形 Fig.1 The stress and deformation of cylinder Ci in N-layer interference fit

1) 圆筒Ci内表面的径向位移:

$ \begin{array}{l} {\Delta _{1, i}} = \frac{{1-{\upsilon _i}}}{{{E_i}}}\cdot\frac{{{d^2}_{1, i}{p_{i-1}}-{d^2}_{2, i}{p_i}}}{{{d^2}_{2, i} - {d^2}_{1, i}}}\cdot{d_{1, i}} + \frac{{1 + {\upsilon _i}}}{{{E_i}}}\cdot\frac{{{d^2}_{1, i}{d^2}_{2, i}({p_{i - 1}} - {p_i})}}{{{d^2}_{2, i} - {d^2}_{1, i}}}\cdot\frac{1}{{{d_{1, i}}}}\\ = {K_{1, i}}{p_{i - 1}} - {K_{2, i}}{p_i} \end{array} $ (2)

式中: Ei为圆筒Ci的弹性模量;υi为圆筒Ci的泊松比;d1,i为圆筒Ci的内径, d2,i为圆筒Ci的外径, $ {n_i} = \frac{{{d_{2, i}}}}{{{d_{1, i}}}}, {K_{1, i}} = \frac{{[(1-{\upsilon _i}) + (1 + {\upsilon _i}){n^2}_i]{d_{1, i}}}}{{{E_i}({n^2}_i -1)}} $, $ {K_{2, i}} = \frac{{2{d_{1, i}}{n^2}_i}}{{{E_i}({n^2}_i-1)}}, i = 1, 2, \cdots, n $.

2) 圆筒Ci外表面的径向位移:

$ \begin{array}{l} {\Delta _{2, i}} = \frac{{1-{\upsilon _i}}}{{{E_i}}}\cdot\frac{{{d^2}_{1, i}{p_{i-1}}-{d^2}_{2, i}{p_i}}}{{{d^2}_{2, i} - {d^2}_{1, i}\cdot}}{d_{2, i}} + \frac{{1 + {\upsilon _i}}}{{{E_i}}}\cdot\frac{{{d^2}_{1, i}{d^2}_{2, i}({p_{i - 1}} - {p_i})}}{{{d^2}_{2, i} - {d^2}_{1, i}}}\cdot\frac{1}{{{d_{2, i}}}} = \\ {K_{3, i}}{p_{i - 1}} - {K_{4, i}}{p_i} \end{array} $ (3)

式中: $ {K_{3, i}} = \frac{{2{d_{2, i}}}}{{{E_i}({n^2}_i-1)}} $, $ {K_{4, i}} = \frac{{[(1 + {\upsilon _i}) + (1-{\upsilon _i}){n^2}_i]{d_{2, i}}}}{{{E_i}({n^2}_i -1)}}, i = 1, 2, \cdots, n $

图 2可得,N层过盈联接中,圆筒CiCi+1过盈联接的过盈量与圆筒内、外径位移变化的关系为:

图 2 圆筒CiCi+1过盈联接 Fig.2 The interference fit of Ci and Ci+1
$ {\delta _i} = {\Delta _{1, i + 1}}-{\Delta _{2, i}} =-{K_{3, i}}{p_{i-1}} + ({K_{1, i + 1}} + {K_{4, i}}){p_i} - {K_{2, i + 1}}{p_{i + 1}} $ (4)

式中δi为第i层过盈联接层过盈量,i=1,2,…,n.

由公式(4) 得到,N层过盈联接结合压力与过盈量之间的矩阵表达式为:

$ \mathit{\boldsymbol{KP = \delta }} $ (5)

式中:δ=[δ1δ2,…,δnT

$ \begin{array}{l} \mathit{\boldsymbol{P}} = {[{p_1}, {p_2}, \cdots, {p_n}]^{\rm{T}}}\\ \mathit{\boldsymbol{K}} = \left[{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{K_{1, 2}} + {K_{4, 1}}}&{-{K_{2, 2}}}& \cdots &0&0\\ 0&0& \cdots &0&0\\ \vdots & \vdots &{}& \vdots & \vdots \\ 0&0& \cdots &{-{K_{3, n}}}&{({K_{1, n + 1}} + {K_{4, n}})} \end{array}} \right] \end{array} $
2 模型设定

文中共设计了4种模型,分别由不同数量的圆筒组成,其中不同模型所涉及的圆筒编号为C1C2C3C4C5,模型依次编号为Ma(C1C2),Mb(C1C2C3),Mc(C1C2C3C4) 和Md(C1C2C3C4C5),圆筒基本尺寸见表 1.

表 1 圆筒基本尺寸 Table 1 The basic dimension of cylinder
圆筒序号 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
内径/mm 100 200 300 400 500
外径/mm 200 300 400 500 600
长度/mm 100

各模型组成分别为:Ma由圆筒C1C2组成单层过盈联接;Mb由圆筒C1C2C3组成2层过盈联接;Mc由圆筒C1C2C3C4组成3层过盈联接;Md由圆筒C1C2C3C4C5组成4层过盈联接,具体详见示意图 3.参考国家标准GB/T1801-2009,模型中均采用H7/t6最大极限过盈配合.

图 3 各模型示意图 Fig.3 The sketch of each model
3 有限元数值法

利用有限元软件Abaqus对模型MaMbMcMd结合压力进行模拟计算.选择单元类型为二维轴对称减缩积分单元CAX4R.材料的弹性模量为210 GMPa,泊松比为0.3,密度为7 800 kg/m3.网格选择Quad单元,网格尺寸均为2 mm;各接触面采用Penalty (罚函数) 摩擦公式,摩擦系数设定为0.15;分析步类型设置为Static,General.图 4为模型Ma结合压力的数值法计算结果.

图 4 模型Ma中圆筒C1C2的结合压力 Fig.4 The coupling pressure between C1 and C2 in model Ma
4 结果处理及分析 4.1 结合压力分析

设定结合压力随结合直径由内到外依次定义为p1p2p3p4.为了减少数值计算中应力集中的影响,采用轴向距离中点的相对误差作为2种方法的比较基准(图中简称为“中点相对误差”).图 5所示为模型MaMbMcMd结合压力值随轴向距离的变化.

图 5 各模型过盈联接结合压力 Fig.5 The coupling pressure of interference fit of each model

通过对比解析法和数值法计算结果可知,结合压力在圆筒两端相差较大,其余部分相差较小.圆筒过盈联接时,其结合面两端存在应力集中[20],由于厚壁圆筒理论假设包容件和被包容件在结合长度上的结合压力为常数,故解析法反映不出接触边缘处的应力集中.

比较各模型不同结合面的结合压力可知,结合压力随着结合直径的增加而减小,即pi>pi+1.由公式(4) 得到单层过盈联接结合压力与过盈量关系式:

$ p = \frac{\delta }{{d\left[{\frac{1}{{{E_2}}}\left( {\frac{{{n^2}_2 + 1}}{{{n^2}_2-1}}-{\nu _2}} \right) + \frac{1}{{{E_1}}}\left( {\frac{{{n^2}_1 + 1}}{{{n^2}_1-1}} + {\nu _1}} \right)} \right]}} $ (6)

由公式(6) 可以看出,单层过盈联接中,结合直径d对结合压力影响较大,结合直径越大,结合压力越小.分析N层过盈联接结合压力pi时,把圆筒C1Ci看成一个整体,圆筒Ci+1Cn看成另一个整体,那么结合压力与结合直径成反比,即结合压力随着结合直径的增加而减小.

比较各模型结合压力p1的变化可知,结合压力p1随过盈层数N的增加而增大.如果把圆筒C2Cn视为一个整体CxN层过盈联接可以视为是圆筒C1与圆筒Cx的单层过盈联接.由公式(6) 可知,组成Cx的圆筒个数越多,公式(6) 中直径比n2越大,结合压力增大,所以p1随过盈层数的增加而增大.

对比解析法和数值法误差,表明2种方法求解相对误差均小于4%,吻合度较好,各模型中最内层结合压力的相对误差比其他各过盈层要大.

4.2 应力集中分析

在材料弹性范围内,应力集中通过理论应力集中系数kti反映,kti=σmax/σn,其中σmax为局部最大应力,σn为名义应力.文中名义应力σn为数值解轴向距离中点位置的应力,局部最大应力σmax为数值解轴向最大应力.表 2给出了各模型每层过盈联接面的理论应力集中系数.

表 2 各模型过盈联接面的理论应力集中系数 Table 2 The theoretical stress concentration factor of interference fit surface of each model
kti Ma Mb Mc Md
第1层kt1 1.96 2.04 2.03 2.04
第2层kt2 - 2.27 2.15 2.12
第3层kt3 - - 2.30 2.17
第4层kt4 - - - 2.29

各模型中由圆筒C1C2组成的最内层过盈联接的过盈量和结合直径相同.不同模型中圆筒C2所受外压力不同.由图 5可知,圆筒C2所受外压力在模型MaMbMcMd中依次增大;由表 2可知,最内层过盈联接的理论应力集中系数kt1相对最小,波动区间(1.96,2.04) 较小,说明理论应力集中系数受组合圆筒外压力的影响较小;各模型理论应力集中系数kti都随着过盈层数的增加逐渐增大,即:kt (i+1)>kti,且最外层过盈联接的理论应力集中系数相对最大.

5 结论

1) 以厚壁圆筒理论为基础,根据过盈联接中过盈量与圆筒内、外径位移的变化关系,得到了N层过盈联接结合压力与过盈量的矩阵表达式.

2) 通过对比数值法与解析法的计算结果,发现2种方法在过盈结合面轴向中间区域吻合度较好,相对误差均小于4%,在两端重合度误差稍大,表明解析法可以为N层过盈联接设计提供可靠的理论指导.

3) N层过盈联接中结合压力由内到外依次减小,即:结合直径越大,结合压力越小;最内层过盈的结合压力随着过盈层数的增加而增加.

4) 数值法表明过盈结合面两端存在应力集中现象,不同模型最内层过盈联接的理论应力集中系数kt1相对最小,波动区间较小;各模型中kti随过盈层数的增加逐渐增大.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2017.01.012
教育部主管,浙江大学和中国机械工程学会主办
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文章信息

徐俊良, 王建梅, 宁可, 李璞
XU Jun-liang, WANG Jian-mei, NING Ke, LI Pu
N层过盈联接结合压力算法研究
Research on algorithm of coupling pressure of N-layer interference fit
工程设计学报, 2017, 24(1): 83-88.
Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2017, 24(1): 83-88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3785/j.issn.1006-754X.2017.01.012

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收稿日期: 2016-02-01

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