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| Exposures and risks of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in cocoa beans and cocoa-based foods: a systematic review |
| Ekpor Anyimah-Ackah,* Isaac W. Ofosu,* Herman E. Lutterodt* and Godfred Darko** |
| *Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa, **Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa |
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Abstract
Background: The World Health Organization has expressed concern about arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury as potentially harmful to human health. As such, the world body has called for appropriate preventive and interventionary measures. In response, food regulatory bodies including European Food Safety Authority are monitoring the levels of these heavy metals in cocoa and cocoa products.
Objective: Therefore, the objective of this paper is to synthesize the latest relevant available peer-reviewed publications on arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury with a view to highlighting the gaps to encourage further research and informing industry.
Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the European Food Safety Authority guide in PubMed database and the result was reported according to the PRISMA checklist.
Results: The results show that processing may dilute or concentrate the levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury, depending on processing factors including the product type, processing method, and raw materials. In addition, some products exceed the European Union and Chinese Maximum Contaminant Level and may pose risk. Furthermore, the findings show that the risk of heavy metal toxicities was higher among children relative to adults at the same exposure in cocoa-based products and that correcting risk estimates for bioavailability reduces the level of estimated risk.
Conclusion: Therefore, the review concludes that further research is required to clarify the effect of processing on the level of these contaminants in specific cocoa-based foods. Moreover, conducting risk studies based on age groups and correcting for bioavailability of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury enhance accuracy of risk estimates.
Recommendations: The review, therefore, recommends that a value chain approach be adopted to assessing the levels, exposures, and risks of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in cocoabased foods and the effect of processing on these levels.
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Received: 16 July 2018
Published: 27 February 2019
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Corresponding Authors:
Isaac W. Ofosu, No.1 University Hall Road, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa.
E-mail: ofosuiw.sci@knust.edu.gh
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系统评价可可豆和可可食品中砷、镉、铅和汞的暴露和风险
背景：世界卫生组织对可能对人体健康有潜在危害的砷、镉、铅和汞等表示关注。因此，世界组织呼吁采取适当的预防和干预措施。作为回应，包括欧洲食品安全局在内的食品监管机构正在监测可可和可可产品中这些重金属的含量。
目的：本文目的是对有关砷、镉、铅和汞的最新相关的同行出版物进行综述，以突出差距，来进一步鼓励相关研究和为行业提供讯息。
材料与方法：使用PubMed数据库中的欧洲食品安全局指南进行系统评价，并根据PRISMA检查表报告结果。
结果：结果表明，加工可能会稀释或浓缩砷、镉、铅和汞的含量，具体取决于加工因素，包括产品类型、加工方法和原材料。此外，有些产品超过欧盟和中国最高污染水平，可能会带来风险。研究结果表明，在可可产品中，相同的摄入量，儿童相对于成人的重金属毒性风险更高，并且纠正生物利用度的风险评估降低了评估风险的水平。
结论：因此，该评价得出结论，需要进一步研究以阐明加工对特定可可食品中这些污染物水平的影响。此外，根据年龄组进行风险研究并纠正砷、镉、铅和汞的生物利用度，可提高风险评估的准确性。
建议：建议采用价值链方法评估椰油基食品中砷、镉、铅和汞的含量，暴露和风险以及加工对这些水平的影响。
关键词：
有毒重金属,
风险,
暴露,
危害,
可可制品
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