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| Management and mitigation of health risks associated with the occurrence of mycotoxins along the maize value chain in two counties in Kenya |
| E. K. Kang’ethe*, H. Korhonen**, K. A. Marimba*, G. Nduhiu*, J. K. Mungatu***, S. A. Okoth****, V. Joutsjoki**, L. W. Wamae***** and P. Shalo****** |
| *Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, **Natural Resources Institute Finland, LUKE, Jokioinen, F1-31600 Jokioinen, Finland, ***Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya, ****School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, 00100 Nairobi Kenya, *****Kenya Agriculture, Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya, and ******Department of Dairy Science, Egerton University, Njoro, Egerton, Kenya |
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Abstract Aflatoxins and fumonisins are two mycotoxins that are prevalent in cereals. Both toxins have associated and causal health effects in humans and livestock. Once formed in the substrates, the toxins are not easily destroyed. The preferred mitigation is to prevent contamination of the cereals and animal source foods. In this paper we set out to examine the practices of the farmers in two counties (Nandi and Makueni) in Kenya which exacerbates aflatoxin contamination and the government steps to address the issue in the agriculture and livestock sectors. The practices identified in Nandi and Makueni, respectively, included seed varieties where 19.3% and 56% are using local varieties; use of soil amendments where 5.8% and 181 % are not using any amendments; crop rotation where 54.6% and 60.5% are not practicing crop rotation; 22.7% and 37.5% are using wrong drying methods; and 53% and 77.1% are using poor threshing methods. The Kenya government is subsidizing fertilizers, seeds, increasing areas under irrigation, and providing extension services to build capacity of farmers to mitigate aflatoxin contamination. The paper examines also the cultural practices in land preparation, tillage, crop rotation, drying, sorting at farm, and proper storage as better alternative practices for easy adoption that would, if adopted, lead to a decrease in aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination and therefore reduce household exposure. Good agricultural practices should be a prerequisite for the adoption of other aflatoxin control technologies.
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Received: 19 February 2017
Published: 05 January 2018
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Corresponding Authors:
E. K. Kang'ethe, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Box
29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.
E-mail: mburiajudith@gmail.com
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肯尼亚地区对玉米中霉菌毒素引起的健康风险的管理和降低
黄曲霉毒素和伏马毒素是谷物中普遍存在的两种霉菌毒素，其会对人类和家畜健康产生影响。毒素一旦在食物基质中形成，很难将其破坏。比较提倡的预防措施是防止谷物和动物源食品被毒素污染。本文调研了肯尼亚两个县（南迪和马库尼）农民加剧黄曲霉毒素污染的做法及政府解决农业和畜牧业问题采取的措施。在南迪和马库尼两个县，使用当地种子分别占19.3％和56％；分别5.8％和181％未使用任何土壤改良剂；54.6％和60.5％不进行作物轮作；22.7％和37.5％使用不正确的干燥方法；53％和77.1％使用落后的脱粒技术。肯尼亚政府采取一定措施来补贴农民化肥、种子，增加灌溉面积，同时提供其他服务来提高农民降低黄曲霉毒素污染的能力。本文还考察了整地方式、耕作方式、作物轮作、干燥、农场分拣以及适当储存以减少黄曲霉毒素和伏马毒素污染的方法。良好的农业实践是引入其他黄曲霉毒素控制技术的先决条件。
关键词：
黄曲霉毒素,
伏马毒素,
污染,
玉米价值链,
减轻,
肯尼亚
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