The anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reaction with nitrite as an electron acceptor and nitrogen as a product is mediated by bacteria which belong to Planctomycetales. The ANAMMOX bacteria are ubiquitous and play an essential role in global nitrogen cycle. Here, combining the introduction of methods and techniques frequently used, we summarized the progress of ANAMMOX and divided the research history into three levels: 1) community; 2) cell; 3) molecular and omics analysis. Based on their introduction, we clarified the progress in ANAMMOX driven by them, and discussed some questions exiting in this field and put forward new methods and techniques that may be helpful.

To clarify the stem lodging resistance characteristics and common characteristics of high-yielding indica hybrid rice cultivars with good quality under precision direct seeding in different ecological areas, and furthermore, to investigate the correlation analysis between the lodging index, breaking resistance and panicle traits, main culm physical characteristics, this study selected two rice fields in the western Sichuan Plain and the middle Sichuan hills as the research objects, and 15 different indica hybrid rice cultivars were used as materials in the two ecological zones, and mechanized precise hill-seeding (the following referred to precision direct seeding) were artificially simulated. The results showed that by a cluster analysis based on average grain yield of each cultivar in the two zones, the 15 tested cultivars could be classified into three levels: high-yielding, medium-yielding, and low-yielding. In the different ecological areas, compared with medium-yielding and low-yielding cultivars, the high-yielding cultivars had high stem plumpness status, good mechanical strength and obvious lodging resistance advantages. Its dry mass of single ear was 4.56-5.35 g; the number of primary branches was 14.55-15.17; the number of secondary branches was 49.58-60.67; N₁-N₃ (the first to the third internode from the base) internode length was 25.70-26.67 cm; the gravity center height was 53.97-59.37 cm; the average internode thickness of the base N₁-N₃ was 5.75-6.26 mm; the internode culm wall thickness was 1.09-1.20 mm; the average stem mass was 0.20-0.24 g, and the sheath dry mass was 0.22-0.23 g. As a result of their improved spike composition and stalk physical characteristics, the comprehensive breaking resistance of the culm of high-yielding cultivars was improved evidently, and the lodging index reduced as well. Besides, the correlation analysis also showed that the breaking resistance of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd internodes had significant or extremely significant positive correlations with the number of first and second branches, single panicle mass, grain density, grain yield, bending moment, stem length, gravity center height, ratio of gravity center height to plant height, internode diameter, culm wall thickness, culm type index, flat rate, dry mass of culm, dry mass of leaf sheath, and dry mass of unit internode, especially with the highest dry mass of unit internode (r=0.855-0.937), while it showed a significant or very significant negative correlation with the internode length . It shows that reasonable control of the proportion of basal internodes and emphasis on improving the culm wall thickness and strengthening plumpness status of culm are reliable ways to harmonize the high yield and high lodging resistance of the high-quality indica hybrid rice cultivars.

Platycrater arguta, which is one of the Class Ⅱ national endangered species in China, was selected to conduct protective and reproductive study by tissue culture techniques including in vitro culture of immature seeds, in vitro propagation of shoot, colchicine induction, and taking root. When the immature seeds were cultured on the woody plant medium (WPM)+400 mg/L glutamine+500 mg/L casein hydrolysate+2 000 mg/L activated carbon, the germination rate of P. arguta could reach 40% after 35 d. As explants, stem segments of seedlings that germinated from immature seeds were cultured on WPM with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and MS mediums with different concentrations of colchicine, respectively. The results showed that the WPM with 1 mg/L 6-BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA was best for induction and growth of regeneration buds, and the MS medium with 200 mg/L colchicine could induce mixoploids. Finally, the regeneration buds were transplanted on a WPM supplemented with 0.5 g/mL indole butyric acid (IBA) to induce roots. Some of the plants have been returned to Fengyangshan-Baishanzu National Nature Reserve, Zhejiang. This study provides a new approach to solve the problems such as the poor seed germination rate of mature seed, slow plant growth and regeneration difficulty of P. arguta.

In order to study the difference on seedling growth and photosynthetic characteristics among Sophora moorcroftiana provenances, the growth characters, chlorophyll content, and curves of light response and CO₂ response were analyzed, using eight provenances of one-year-old seedlings. The results showed that there was a significant difference on the growth and chlorophyll content among the provenances of S. moorcroftiana seedlings (P＜0.05). The light response curve showed that the net photosynthetic rate (P _n) increased as the increasing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). When the P _n of eight provenances increased to the top, it decreased irrespective of increasing PAR and represented the single-peak curve, with an obvious photo inhibition phenomenon. The light saturation point (L _SP) of eight provenances ranged from 740.467 to 1 773.078 μmol/(m²·s), and light compensation point (L _CP) ranged from 1.408 to 43.381 μmol/(m²·s). The P _n and L _SP of provenances in Linzhou County and Bayi District were higher than these of other provenances. The CO₂ response curve showed that the concentration of CO₂ increased within a certain range. The characteristic parameters of CO₂ curve showed statistical differences among the provenances (P＜0.05). The CO₂ saturation point (C _SP) was between 1 769.632 and 2 678.136 μmol/(m²·s) and the CO₂ compensation point (Г) was between 76.155 and 111.430 μmol/(m²·s). Correlation analysis showed that the P _n was positively correlated with stomatal conductance (G _s) and L _SP (P＜0.01), and the intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i) was significantly correlated with transpiration rate (T _r), L _CP and dark respiration rate (R _d) (P＜0.01). Seedling height was significantly correlated with P _n and the content of chlorophyll (P＜0.05). The provenances of Linzhou County and Bayi District had higher P _n, and their L _SP were also the highest, which indicated that these two provenances had high photosynthetic potential under the strong light environment.

A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) was performed to analyze the profiles of volatile compounds in the leaves of Xiangyu pumpkin with intense flavor, which contributed to our understanding on the categories and contents of aromatic compounds, and their variation features at different development stages of Xiangyu pumpkin. The results showed that a total of 28 volatile compounds were detected in leaf, and alcohol compounds and benzaldehyde showed the most categories and highest content, respectively. To further research, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the volatile compounds from the two samples of Xiangyu and non-Xiangyu pumpkins, and the total accumulative contribution rate of PC₁ and PC₂ accounted for 70.45%, which well reflected the excellent separations of Xiangyu pumpkin and non-Xiangyu pumpkin; four compounds detected in the leaves of Xiangyu pumpkin showing differences, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), 2-acetylpyrrole, 1-undecanol and methyl salicylate, were identified. Moreover, 2-AP was the main contributor for aromatic trait of leaf from Xiangyu pumpkin, and its content showed higher levels in the leaves from the early development of plant and tender leaves from the upper nodes, then significantly decreased with the leaf senescence. In a word, the study on the aroma compounds of Xiangyu pumpkin will lay a basis for aroma trait.

Insects can search for host more efficiently by olfactory learning. Bactrocera dorsalis has been proved that it has strong olfactory learning capability. To explore the influence of olfactory learning on its host selection behavior, we trained B. dorsalis to associate an odor, sweet orange essential oil, with a food, 10% sucrose solution, under laboratory conditions using a classical olfactory conditioning procedure, and the proboscis extension reflex was used as the criterion for conditioning．Its preference for orange odor and orientation behavior elicited by orange odor before and after training also were tested. The selection behavior and trend behavior of B. dorsalis after learning were determined. The results showed that B. dorsalis can associate the orange odor with the sucrose solution, and the proportion of proboscis extension reflex of B. dorsalis increased from 8.1% to 75.7% after five conditioning trials， and the memory formed with conditioning could last at least 6 h. In the Y-tube choice test, B. dorsalis chose the arm containing trained orange odor more often after five conditioning trials compared with before training (increased from 35.3% to 63.7%). In the wind tunnel test, the percentage of B. dorsalis located orange odor after conditioning increased from 8.3% to 52.5% compared with before conditioning. The results indicated that B. dorsalis has a strong capability to learn orange odor, and they tended to choose the trained orange odor after learning, which might be related with host searching behavior. Our studies also can provide an important reference on behavior regulation of B. dorsalis.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is exhibiting the high ability and wide insecticidal spectrum in the Sciaridae pest control. This experiment was conducted to screen out effective Bt strains and identify their insecticidal crystal protein (ICP) genotypes against Bradysia difformis in the mushroom cultivation. The bacillus strains that produced crystals were separated from the soil of Zijin Mountain of Nanjing by sodium acetate-antibiotic method. The strains that showed insecticidal activity against larvae of B. difformis and inhibitory effect to the hyphae of mushroom were screened by using indoor toxicity measurement method and effect test on hyphae, separately. Then ICPs were identified based on polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Seven strains that showed high insecticidal activity (with the corrected mortality over 50%) against B. difformis and no influence on Pleurotus ostreatus were screened from 17 strains obtained from Nanjing. The 16S rDNA analysis results showed that the seven strains were homologous to B. thuringiensis with 99% identity. The PCR-RFLP system results revealed that the seven strains contain cry4/10, cry11, cyt1, and cyt2 genes. The Bt strains have potential for application to the biocontrol of B. difformis in mushroom cultivation.

Dendrobium officinale is an edible medicinal plant with polysaccharides as its important bioactive components. This study investigated the effects of ultrasonic-assisted extraction on the yield of D. officinale ‘Shenglan No. 8’ water soluble polysaccharides as well as the influence to the molecular structure. The results showed that ultrasonic-assisted methods significantly increased the yield of polysaccharides and shortened the extraction time from 2 h to 3 min. The highest extraction efficiency was obtained in the ultrasonic-assisted hot water synergetic extraction (500 W, 95-100 ℃, 3 min). The results of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that the D. officinale polysaccharides through ultrasonic-assisted extraction were with higher polydispersity (PDI). The water soluble polysaccharides from D. officinale ‘Shenglan No. 8’ were composed of mannose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid. No significant difference was observed on the infrared spectrum and monosaccharide composition among the different extraction methods. The D. officinale polysaccharides had certain congo red-binding ability, which was not affected by the ultrasonic treatments. The optimum extract parameters (500 W, 95-100 ℃, 3 min) was applied in the comparison of polysaccharide content among 13 cultivars. The polysaccharide content varied among the cultivars and tissues, with a range of 69.40-130.10 g/kg fresh mass in the stem, and a range of 15.30-34.10 g/kg fresh mass in the leaf.

Loss of phosphorus in farmland is an important cause of eutrophication in water environment, and colloids are an important form of phosphorus transported from soils to rivers and other water bodies. Therefore, it is very important to control the loss of colloidal phosphorus in soil. In this study, a dynamic soil column method was used to determine the retardation coefficient of colloidal phosphorus migration in paddy soil, vegetable soil and tea soil, and the control effect of colloidal phosphorus migration was studied by applying different levels (0%, 0.05% and 0.1%) of polyacrylamide (PAM). The results showed that in the control group without PAM, vegetable soil with the highest sand content had the lowest retarding effect against colloidal phosphorus migration, and the retardation coefficient (R _d) was 6.397; and the control effect of paddy soil with the smallest sand content against colloidal phosphorus migration was optimal (R _d=9.915). Compared with the control group, after applying 0.05% and 0.1% PAM in the three tested soils (vegetable soil, tea soil, paddy soil), the retardation coefficient of soil colloidal phosphorus increased by 58.3%, 46.8%, 26.5% and 87.7%, 67.1%, 60.4%, respectively, indicating that the application of PAM can significantly increase the control effect of soil against colloidal phosphorus migration and reduce the risk of colloidal phosphorus loss.

Through long-term natural factors and human disturbance, the natural habitats of desert steppe become degradation and fragmentation, forming natural hard sierozem patches which were similar to islands in the extensive sandy desertified land, which were named as “Soil Island”. In order to study the influence of different “Soil Island” habitat areas on the spatial pattern of Stipa breviflora, we chose three large “Soil Island” (200-300 m²), three middle “Soil Island” (about 100 m²) and three small “Soil Island” (about 50 m²) habitats, and set one 2 m×2 m sample plot in each “Soil Island” in September 2016. The results showed that: 1) S. breviflora population was in the aging and declining stage in the all of “Soil Island” habitats, with very few young seedlings. 2) With the increase of the area of “Soil Island”, the content of clay silts in the 0-40 cm soil layer increased (P＜0.05), and the content of fine sand in the 0-40 cm soil layer decreased (P＜0.05), and the content of soil organic content (SOC) in different soil layers increased (P＜0.05). 3) With the increase of the area of “Soil Island”, the ecological strategy of S. breviflora population changed. In the small “Soil Island”, the spatial patterns of S. breviflora aggregated mainly. But in the large “Soil Island” and middle “Soil Island”, the spatial patterns of S. breviflora were mainly random. 4) In each “Soil Island”, S. breviflora was the dominant species. With the increase of the area of “Soil Island”, the density of S. breviflora population increased first and then decreased, so we guessed that the optimum area of “Soil Island” habitat was about 100 m². In summary, with the continuous reduce of the habitat areas of “Soil Island”, the spatial pattern of S. breviflora population changes from a random distribution to an aggregated distribution, and its population size and survival are under great threat, which indicates that the fragmentation of typical vegetation habitat will make population decline or even disappear. In the future, the integrity and continuity of the habitat should be guaranteed first, and then the size of the typical vegetation population could be guaranteed for the protection of the native vegetation of desert steppe.

In order to clarify the production potential of cropland ecosystems and the characteristics of available production resources under an agro-pastoral integration mode, field experiments were conducted by the contrast method. The results showed that: 1) Under a raising geese in a cornfield (RGICF) treatment, the weed total density was 1.41 times of CK, and the aboveground biomass of weeds was 1.68 times of CK at pre-grazing. At post-grazing, the weed total density and aboveground biomass reduced under the RGICF and CK treatments, but the decrease under the RGICF was greater than that of CK, indicating that agro-pastoral integration could increase the productivity of weed communities in the system. 2) During the entire grazing period, the weed biodiversity with the treatment of RGICF was higher than that of CK, indicating that the high biodiversity was maintained under the production mode of agro-pastoral integration. 3) The overall growth condition of maize plants with the treatment of RGICF was lower than that of the CK, and the maize resource quantities were reduced by 8.22% compared with the CK, but all the net yield with the treatment of RGICF was significantly higher than that of the CK, because the earnings by raising geese were enough to compensate for the loss of maize production. Moreover, the total of 4 836.75 kg/hm² organic fertilizer was also produced to return to the field under the RGICF treatment. In a word, more available resources are produced under the mode of agro-pastoral integration mode, which lays a foundation for improving cropland productivity and doubling production efficiency on the basis of maintaining the high biodiversity.

To study the regulatory function of Bombyx mori microRNAs (bmo-miRNAs) on expression of the fibroin light chain gene (BmFib-L), the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of BmFib-L mRNA was used as the target for screen of bmo-miRNAs. By using RNAhybrid software, the bmo-miR-0031-3p (abbreviated as “miR-0031-3p”) was screened out to completely bind the target gene with the seed sequence. A miR-0031-3p expression plasmid pcDNA3.0[ie1-egfp-pre-miR-0031-3p-SV40] and a BmFib-L 3′ UTR fused luciferase report plasmid pGL3.0[A3-luc-Fib-L-3′ UTR-SV40] were constructed, respectively. BmN cells were co-transfected with the above mentioned plasmids, and the pRL-CMV (contains a Renilla luciferase gene) was served as an intrinsic plasmid to validate the regulatory function of miR-0031-3p on BmFib-L by assay of dual luciferase activities, as well as artificially synthesized the mimic and inhibitor of miR-0031-3p. The results revealed that the miR-0031-3p significantly down-regulated the expression of BmFib-L in the BmN cells. To validate the regulatory function of miR-0031-3p in vivo, the day-2 5th instar larvae were injected with a transfection solution for overexpression and inhibition of endogenous expression analysis, and the BmFib-L expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using total RNAs extracted from silk glands. The results showed that the miR-0031-3p significantly down-regulated the expression of BmFib-L in individuals. These findings are beneficial to clarify the molecular mechanism of miRNAs in regulating B. mori silk protein biosynthesis.

In order to analyze the effect of ENSGALT00000062075.1:c.36-2277T＞C mutation on the expression of transcriptional regulation in chicken GNAS gene, this study collected blood DNA samples from black-bone chicken and barred chicken to construct different genotypic plasmids of c.36-2277T＞C mutation, and detected the expression of dual-luciferase reporter analysis system after transfecting chicken embryo fibroblasts. The result showed that all barred chicken samples belonged to TT genotypes and all black-bone chicken samples were CC genotypes. The section from 175 bp upstream to 818 bp downstream of c.36-2277T＞C mutation had significantly transcript enhancing activity (P＜0.01). The activity of CC genotype was significantly higher than that of the TT genotype (P＜0.000 1). The result of transcript factor prediction showed that the number of TGGCA-binding protein sites was the largest in this 993 bp section, and the adjacent mutations were AP-1 and ER-alpha/T3R-alpha binding sites. The study suggests that the base types of c.36-2277T＞C mutation in GNAS gene have an important impact on the process of gene transcription regulation, and this mutation plays the role associated with upstream and downstream binding sites of transcript factors.

In order to study the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf powderon production performance, immune function and serum antioxidant indices of quails, different doses of M. oleifera leaf powder were added into basal diets. The results showed that the groups within 2% and 4% M. oleifera leaf power could significantly improve the average body mass of 15, 21 and 28 day-old quails (P＜0.05), and the group within 4% M. oleifera leaf powder could significantly improve the average body mass of 35 day-old quails (P＜0.05); the group of 2% M. oleifera leaf powder could significantly improve the average daily gain and decrease the feed conversion ratio of 7-35 day-old quails (P＜0.05); the group of 4% M. oleifera leaf powder could significantly improve the average daily gain of 7-35 day-old quails and decrease the feed conversion ratio in the whole experimental period (P＜0.05); the group of 2%,4%,8% M. oleifera leaf powder could significantly decrease the feed conversion ratio of 7-35 day-old quails (P＜0.05). At the age of 21 day-old, the groups of 4% and 8% M. oleifera leaf powder could significantly improve the spleen index and serum total superoxide dismutase activity and decrease the serum MDA content (P＜0.05); the group of 8% M. oleifera leaf powder could significantly improve the bursa index, Newcastle disease virus antibody (NDV-Ab) level and serum total antioxidant capacity (P＜0.05). At the age of 35 day-old, the group of 4% and 8% M. oleifera leaf powder could significantly improve the spleen index, the bursa index, NDV-Ab level, contents of IL-2 and interferon (INF)-γ, and total antioxidant capacity and decrease the serum MDA content (P＜0.05); the group of 8% M. oleifera leaf powder could significantly improve the thymus index (P＜0.05). In conclusion, the best amount of addition is 4% of M. oleifera leaf powder.

According to the agricultural characteristics of sugarcane planting in central Zhejiang Province, i.e. intertilling, fertilizing, ridging and earthing-up, the V-shaped deep trench sugarcane cultivator is equipped with good working parts, such as soil digging, breaking, casting and trench clearing. It can form a good V-shaped groove cross section. This paper analyzed the agronomic requirements of sugarcane planting in central Zhejiang Province and narrow row spacing, designing the key parts of the whole machine, such as V-shaped deep trench ridging cutter plate, trench clearing, etc. Field experiment results showed that the efficiency of the management machine could reach 0.19 hm²/h. The trench depth and the thickness of soil could reach 230 mm on average and 70 mm, respectively. The trench depth stability coefficient reached about 85%. The soil breaking rate reached about 95%. The fertilizer distributor had a good effect on granular fertilizer. No obvious damage and seedling emergence were found in sugarcane seedlings. The design of the machine meets the agronomic requirements of sugarcane planting in central Zhejiang Province.

In order to reduce the impact of mosaic disease on soybean production and explore a theoretical basis for rapid detection of early soybean mosaic disease, a novel hyperspectral detection method for early soybean mosaic disease based on convolutional neural network (CNN) model was proposed. First, soybean samples inoculated separately with SC3, SC7 viruses and normal soybean samples (Nannong 1138-2) were collected through a hyperspectral system. A region of 40 pixel×40 pixel was selected as the region of interest (ROI) and the average spectral information of ROI was extracted. Then, the CNN model was established based the hyperspectral image. Finally, the recognition rate of the training set in the CNN model reached 94.79%, and the recognition rate of the prediction set reached 92.08%. The recognition rate of the mosaic leaf inoculated with SC3 virus was 88.75%, and the recognition rate of the mosaic leaf inoculated with SC7 virus was 93.13%, and the recognition rate of the normal leaf was 94.38%. Compared with the least square-support vector machine (LS-SVM) and extreme learning machine (ELM) models, the CNN model can more fully extract the deep features of the spectrum, and the extracting effect was significantly improved. Thus, this research shows that the CNN model can achieve the detection of early soybean mosaic disease more accurately, and combining the CNN model with hyperspectral methods also provides a new idea for plant disease detection.