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Application and market of agricultural sensor technology in China: current status and future perspectives
Yufei LIU,Yong HE,Fei LIU,Lijia XU,Xuping FENG,Yu TANG,Zhengxiao WANG
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (3): 293-304.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.04.062
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Sensor technology is the foundation of agricultural informatization, and it is one of the core elements and key support to realize agricultural modernization. First, this paper summarizes the current technical status and application of agricultural sensor technology in three areas of intelligent agricultural machinery equipment, agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based remote sensing, and agricultural internet of things, and conducts an in-depth analysis on the technical demands and market development of agricultural sensor in China. Second, the industrialization, marketization, and future development trends of agricultural sensors were summarized and pointed out through the technical industry analysis. Finally, 16 key technologies in the field of agricultural sensor industry were condensed, and on this basis, a Delphi-based expert questionnaire survey was carried out. The results showed that universality was the most important attribute of agricultural sensors; basic theory and research and development input were the two biggest constraints to the development of agricultural sensor technology. It was proposed that the agricultural sensor technology would develop towards low cost, high stability, high intelligence, portability, and operability in the future. This paper provides a reference for the technical and industrial development of agricultural sensors in China.

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Research advances in the mechanisms of protecting animals against influenza by probiotics
Meiqing HAN,Di WANG,Xianqi PENG,Yan LI
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (6): 755-764.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.07.182
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Influenza is an important zoonotic disease. The highly pathogenic avian influenza not only brings enormous losses to China’s livestock breeding industry but also seriously threatens the safety of public health. The ability of influenza viruses to recombine in swine and spread across species barriers poses significant challenges for influenza prevention. Due to the rapid mutation of influenza viruses, the differences between prevalent viruses and vaccine strains reduce the vaccine efficacy. It is necessary to improve the host’s immunity to influenza viruses. Probiotics regulate the balance of intestinal microbiota and promote body health, which is beneficial for protecting animal against influenza viruses. This paper reviewed the mechanisms of anti-influenza virus action of probiotics in animals. The mechanisms include direct or indirect interference with virus attacks by balancing the composition of intestinal flora, regulating the mucosal barrier function of body, and enhancing or suppressing Toll-like receptor-related molecular signaling pathways. This study provides scientific evidence for understanding the mechanisms by which different strains of probiotics combat influenza and for developing more effective anti-influenza strategies.

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Research progress on biological control of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)
Jinyi ZHANG,Yadong ZHANG,Asim MUNAWAR,Yaqiang ZHENG,Zengrong ZHU,Wenwu ZHOU
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (2): 141-148.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.04.063
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Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is a devastating invasive pest originating from South America. It has spread rapidly to Europe, Africa, and Asia, and has invaded China in recent years, and now is a highly potential threat to the solanaceous crop industry in China. Due to its characteristics of leaf mining, fruit burrowing, short life history, high reproductivity, etc., its control effect relying on chemical pesticides is limited. Many theoretical studies and application explorations have been carried out for developing the biological control strategies for Tuta absoluta in the world, and a lot of biological control agents with high potential for usage have been screened. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the global biological control of Tuta absoluta, focusing on the parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects, the bio-control microbes, and the repellent plants and their chemical extracts. In the green control of Tuta absoluta in China, in-depth studies could be carried out on the introduction of biocontrol species suitable for the agricultural niche in China, the digging of local biocontrol resources, and the industrialization of these biocontrol organisms; meanwhile, the integrative utilization of these organisms could be promoted via the combined use of them and the ecological regulation of the agricultural landscape, so as to ensure the high-quality development of Chinese solanaceous crop industry.

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Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (4): 445-590.  
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Research progress on the regulation of vascular lignification on defense against bacterial wilt of plants
Chenying LI,Ran WANG,Yan LIANG
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (5): 633-643.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2023.06.171
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Bacterial wilt, a typical vascular disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most devastating diseases and dramatically reduces crop yield and quality. The most effective strategy for controlling wilt disease is breeding disease-resistant varieties, which requires understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant immune responses against R. solanacearum. However, more and more evidence suggests that vascular immune responses are cell type specific. After sensing of R. solanacearum, the cell wall lignification of vascular tissues plays a vital role in restricting the spread of R. solanacearum. Lignin biosynthesis pathway genes are strictly controlled at the transcriptional, translational, and spatial-temporal specific expression aspects. Here, we summarized the current understanding of the recognition and signal transductionupon R. solanacearum infection and the research progress of pathogen-induced vascular lignification on regulating resistance to R. solanacearum, including the expression of lignin biosynthesis genes, the transport and polymerization of monolignols, and the generation of different types of lignin. We hope that this review will provide a theoretical basis for breeding bacterial wilt disease-resistant cultivars by modifying vascular lignification.

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Research progress on the molecular basis of plant-Ralstonia solanacearum recognition
Zhiliang XIAO,Aiguo YANG,Meixiang ZHANG
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (5): 644-650.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2023.06.161
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Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt disease in multiple crops, which severely threatens the global crop safety production. This pathogen exhibits high genetic diversity and evolves rapidly, and there is a lack of effective disease-resistant varieties in production, which brings great challenges for effective disease control. Identifying receptor proteins in plants that recognize associated molecular patterns or effectors of R. solanacearum and elucidating their molecular recognition mechanisms can provide clues to understand the mechanisms of plant-pathogen interaction, and lay a basis for the development of broad-spectrum disease resistance in plants. This paper reviewed the recent progress on the molecular basis of plant-R. solanacearum recognition. We mainly focused on the identification and functional analysis of membrane and intracellular receptors that recognize R. solanacearum in plants, as well as the mechanism behind receptor recognition of the associated molecular patterns or effectors from R. solanacearum. Besides, we provide research prospects for the exploration and utilization of disease-resistant resources against R. solanacearum in the future.

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Entire issue
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (5): 591-754.  
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Entire issue
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (6): 1-902.  
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Research progresses on target of rapamycin kinase in plants
Wenzhen CHEN,Jiaqi LIU,Hao DU
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (5): 591-606.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2023.05.101
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In plants, target of rapamycin (TOR) functions as a pivotal signaling and metabolic hub, integrating nutrient availability, energy status, and environmental cues through phosphorylation. This regulatory mechanism plays a crucial role in governing plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the discovery and characterization of TOR in plants. We summarize previous and recent studies on the signaling pathway of plant TOR, highlighting the identification of upstream effect factors and downstream substrates. Additionally, we discuss the diverse roles of TOR in plant embryogenesis, meristem formation, nutrient utilization, flowering, senescence, and responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses. Furthermore, we explore the potential research prospects for TOR kinase and its application in agriculture.

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Isolation and identification of tomato bacterial spot pathogen in Ningxia and screening of identification methods for disease resistance
Xiaohong LI,Xiaomin WANG,Wenxia DENG,Kaibin WANG,Meng GUO,Guoxin CHENG
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (3): 349-357.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.07.042
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In order to identify the pathogens causing tomato bacterial spot disease in Ningxia, tomato leaves infected with bacterial spot disease from Zhongwei and Wuzhong cities of Ningxia were used as the materials, and the strains were isolated using the conventional tissue isolation method, and their morphology, molecular biology and pathogenicity were identified. The four-factor and three-level orthogonal design of experiment [L9(34)] was conducted to screen the indoor resistance identification method at the seedling stage. The results showed that the colony morphologies of strain 1 isolated from Zhongwei City and strain 2 isolated from Wuzhong City were all milky white, full edge, opaque, smooth surface, producing green fluorescence, rod-shaped cells, and Gram staining was negative. The 16S rDNA sequences of both strain 1 and strain 2 were 99.93% similar to that of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato pathogenic variant KT783475.1. After reinoculation, brown lesions with yellow halos were presented on the leaves of the tomato, which was consistent with the natural symptoms. So, it was confirmed that the pathogen causing tomato bacterial spot disease in Ningxia was P. syringae pv. tomato. Under the treatment combination of inoculating seedlings at the four-leaf stage, the bacterial suspension concentration of 1.00×107 CFU/mL, with stem inoculation method and 96 h moisture, the disease index was 72.22%, which was significantly higher than that in other treatments, and thus it was considered to be the best indoor resistance identification method at the seedling stage for tomato bacterial spot disease. The above results will provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of tomato bacterial spot disease and resistance breeding in Ningxia.

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Molecular tools and technological innovation in oil crop breeding
Ling XU,Hui LIU,Guijun YAN,Wallace COWLING,Weijun ZHOU,Zhanyuan LU
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (4): 445-453.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2023.04.181
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Oil crop breeding programs generally aim to improve yield, quality, and stress resistance. Major oil crops include soybean, rape, sunflower and peanut according to their current production worldwide. This paper reviewed the molecular tools and technological innovation in oil crop breeding, including advanced technologies such as genome selection, genome editing, and molecular design breeding. Challenges exist in current genetic studies and breeding practices, and future perspectives of technological progress and application are also discussed for achieving high yield, high quality, and efficient breeding of oil crops.

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Cloning and expression analysis of OsSPL3 promoter in rice
Huiling ZENG,Zuyi MO,Qiaoxian PU,Jiashu WANG,Kai FAN,Zhaowei LI
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (3): 319-327.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.05.091
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OsSPL transcription factor plays an important role in the development and stress response of rice (Oryza sativa) roots, leaves, floral organs, and ears. In this study, the OsSPL3 promoter was analyzed to explore the expression pattern of OsSPL3 transcription factor in rice and its response to drought stress. The Cis-acting elements in the OsSPL3 promoter region were analyzed by PLACE and Plant CARE online softwares, and the recombinant expression vector of OsSPL3 promoter and β-glucuronidase(GUS) gene was constructed, which was transformed into ZH11 rice callus, and positive transgenic plants were obtained by screening. The GUS expression activity of pOsSPL3-GUS transgenic plants and the expression patterns under drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments were detected. The results of promoter analysis showed that in addition to the necessary transcription initiation core elements and light-responsive elements, the OsSPL3 promoter region also included three MYB-involved drought-inducible elements, three gibberellin-responsive elements, two anaerobic induction essential elements, one low temperature response element, one endosperm expression regulatory element, one zein metabolism regulatory element and one meristem expression-related regulatory element. The results of GUS staining showed that the expression activity of GUS gene in young leaves, stem sheaths, coleoptiles and other young tissues was high, as well as in the vigorous growth parts of roots such as root cap, meristem zone, and elongation zone. In addition, the drought stress could significantly enhanced the GUS activity of transgenic rice leaves and roots. It shows that OsSPL3 transcription factor plays a regulatory role in the process of coleoptile growth, new leaf formation, root extension and stem sheath elongation after seed germination, and OsSPL3 transcription factor is also involved in the response process of rice drought stress.

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Bioinformatics and expression analyses of heat shock protein 90 gene family in Rhododendron ovatum
Fengyan LI,Fangqian QU,Fangmeng ZHAO,Qi WANG,Hong ZHOU,Liangsheng ZHANG,Yiping XIA,Xiuyun WANG
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (5): 708-718.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.08.012
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To explore the roles of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in plant growth development and response to high temperature stress, this study identified the Hsp90 family through bioinformatics methods in the whole genome of Rhododendron ovatum,which is a highly ornamental and widely adaptive species of Rhododendron. Gene structure, cis-acting elements, evolution, and expression pattern of the Hsp90 family were subsequently analyzed. The results showed that 11 members of the Hsp90 family were identified in R. ovatum, which were located on five chromosomes. Cis-acting element analysis showed that all the 11 members of the Hsp90 family were involved in the processes of plant hormone metabolism and stress responses. The phylogenetic tree of Hsp90 family in Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, Camellia sinensis, R. simsii, R. delavayi, R. henanense, and R. ovatum was constructed, within four main clades. Evolutionary analysis showed that the Hsp90 family has undergone purification selection during the differentiation of Rhododendron species. Moreover, the expression patterns of Hsp90 family in different tissues and under high temperature treatments indicated that Hsp90 family plays roles in flower development and the response of plants to high temperature stress. This study provides a foundation for further study of the functions of Hsp90 genes in Rhododendron.

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Advances in the pathogenic classification, epidemiological monitoring and control of soybean anthracnose
Jianfei LI,Xiaoxiao WANG,Yue SHU,Qi HUANG,Guixiang TANG
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (4): 463-471.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2023.03.162
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Anthracnose is a major disease caused by Colletotrichum Cordathat significantly reduces yield and quality of soybeans. This disease is prevalent in various regions, including the main production areas of fresh soybeans in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and South America. Based on the harm, classification and incidence cycle of soybean anthracnose, we reviewed the pathogenic identification, incidence prediction in the field, green prevention and control and other related research progress, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for field surveillance and comprehensive control of soybean anthracnose.

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Research progress on postharvest preservation of Chinese bayberry fruit
Han YANG,Xue LI,Liqin WANG,He ZHANG,Chen KANG,Cui SUN,Jinping CAO
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (2): 200-212.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.03.181
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Chinese bayberry is a characteristic and native fruit of China, which is popular for its unique flavor and juicy taste. However, Chinese bayberry fruit has a short harvesting period and poor storability, thus is highly depending on the postharvest preservation and transportation technologies. There are numerous studies on the postharvest preservation and transportation of Chinese bayberry fruit. Based on these, this paper reviewed the research progress on postharvest quality change, disease and pest occurrence, storage and logistics technologies of Chinese bayberry fruit. After combing and looking forward to some researching key points, it is concluded that the reasons for the poor harvesting of Chinese bayberry fruit are diverse and complex, and the importance of forming a comprehensive technical system from many aspects is put forward. This paper provides some theoretical references for the research and application of postharvest preservation technologies of Chinese bayberry fruit.

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Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on nutrient uptake and photosynthesis of lettuce
Qili MU,Kaijun CHEN,Yuhang LI,Tingqiang LI
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (2): 229-240.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.03.161
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To evaluate phytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on plants, the effects of 0, 5, 50, 250 mg/L ZnO NPs on nutrient uptake and photosynthesis of lettuce were studied using hydroponic culture with Zn2+ andbulk ZnO as comparisons. The results showed that ZnO NPs inhibited the growth of lettuce, and biomass of lettuce decreased obviously with the increase of ZnO NPs concentration. Under the 5-250 mg/L ZnO NPs treatments, the contents of magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) in the shoots of lettuce were reduced by 18.0%-33.3%, 19.0%-28.6%, 17.2%-28.3% and 17.4%-33.8%, respectively. Further-more, 50 and 250 mg/L ZnO NPs treatments significantly decreased the chlorophyll content and chloroplast activity of lettuce. Under the 5-250 mg/L ZnO NPs treatments, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) of lettuce decreased by 33.7%-75.0%, 21.3%-36.7%, 11.2%-29.0% and 30.7%-83.4%, respectively; the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv /Fm), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), actual photochemical quantum yield (ΦPSⅡ), and electron transport rate decreased by 6.3%-18.8%, 7.0%-14.0%, 5.0%-20.0% and 5.8%-20.7%, respectively. The inhibition of 250 mg/L ZnO NPs on the photosynthesis of lettuce was much greater than that of the corresponding Zn2+ release amount and bulk ZnO with the same concentration. These results indicate that ZnO NPs can inhibit the photosynthesis of lettuce by affecting the mineral nutrient absorption, hindering the chlorophyll synthesis, and reducing the photosystem Ⅱ activity.

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Mining key genes of alkaloid synthesis pathway in lotus leaves based on metabolomics and transcriptomics
Shuangqin LI,Zhongyi WANG,Wanyue ZHAO,Longqing CHEN,Huizhen HU
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (3): 328-340.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.04.291
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In order to explore the molecular mechanism of alkaloid biosynthesis in lotus leaves, metabolomics and transcriptomics sequencing analyses were performed on mature lotus leaves of ‘Taikong Lian’ (high alkaloid content), ‘Juwuba’ (medium alkaloid content) and ‘Dazu Honglian’ (low alkaloid content) cultivars with significant differences in alkaloid content. Metabolomics analysis showed that there were 30, 32 and 14 different metabolites in the three groups of ‘Dazu Honglian’ vs ‘Taikong Lian’ (low vs high alkaloid content), ‘Dazu Honglian’ vs ‘Juwuba’ (low vs medium alkaloid content), and ‘Taikong Lian’ vs ‘Juwuba’ (high vs medium alkaloid content), respectively. These differential metabolites were mainly three types of isoquinoline alkaloids, namely benzylisoquinoline, bis-benzylisoquinoline and aporphine alkaloids, specifically including caaverine, 3-glucosyl-6, 7-dihydroxy-N-methyl-benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline, dopamine, L-tyramine, etc. To further explore the key genes of the above isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis pathway, the transcriptomics sequencing analysis of three cultivars were performed. The numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the three groups (‘Dazu Honglian’ vs ‘Taikong Lian’, ‘Dazu Honglian’ vs ‘Juwuba’, and ‘Taikong Lian’ vs ‘Juwuba’) were 2 866, 2 739 and 3 932, respectively; and there were 379 DEGs in common, which contained isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis pathway genes. Combined with the results of metabolomics analysis, six key DEGs, including NnCYP80G, Nn6OMT, NnTYDC, NnNCS, NnRAV and NnERF, were finally screened and verified by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction, which can be used for subsequent gene function verification and molecular regulation network analysis.

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Comparison of cell lineage development and regulation during early embryonic development in cattle and mice
Xiaotong WU,Yan SHI,Shuang LI,Shaohua WANG,Kun ZHANG
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (6): 765-775.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.12.131
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Low reproductive efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows is a worldwide challenge, among which the high mortality rate of early embryos is one of the main reasons. Scientists have gained insightful knowledge into early embryonic development in mice while very little work has been performed in cattle. To better understand the early embryonic development in cattle, we compared early embryonic development in cattle and mice from the perspectives of embryo morphology, transcription factors and signaling pathways. It was found that after fertilization, degradation of maternal factors, zygotic genome activation, construction of cell polarity and asymmetric division occurred at different periods in the early embryos of cattle and mice. Eventually, embryos develop to blastocysts with three germ layers (trophectoderm, epiblast and primitive endoderm). Furthermore, multiple transcription factors and signaling pathways form complicated networks to regulate cell lineage differentiation during early embryonic development in cattle and mice. In summary, similar biological events occur one after another at the early embryonic development in cattle and mice, but the regulation of cell lineage differentiation is different, suggesting the limitations of using the early embryo of mouse as a research model. The study in this field plays a crucial role in improving reproductive efficiency of dairy cows and promoting the genetic improvement in cattle.

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Study on quality characteristics and key flavor chemical constituents of Zhejiang typical particle-shaped famous green teas
Fangyuan FAN,Qiuwen YU,Yilin TONG,Shuying GONG,Jianqiao QI,Fujiong WEI,Xu ZHANG
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (3): 358-367.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.04.292
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This study investigated the sensory traits and flavor chemical constituents and their contents of Zhejiang typical particle-shaped famous green teas including Juenong·Cuiming (from Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China), Pingshuirizhu (Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China), and Fenghuaquhao (Ningbo, Zhejiang, China). The differences in sensory characteristics and their key chemical contributors were analyzed. The results showed that there were obvious differences in appearance traits, including tightness, pekoe and color of different typical samples. The Juenong·Cuiming samples show fine and compact granules. The surface of Fenghuaquhao is covered with pekoe and its color is emerald green. For tea taste, Juenong·Cuiming has sweet and mellow taste, while the taste of Fenghuaquhao and Pingshuirizhu are mellow and thick. The gallic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, glutamic acid, arginine, methionine, theanine and γ-aminobutyric acid, etc. were identified as key differential compounds. For tea aroma, Fenghuaquhao is characterized by fresh aroma, while others have tender aroma and moderate toasty aroma. The volatile constituents with fresh and floral aroma such as dihydrolinalool, 1-octanol, and nerol, and volatiles with fruit and sweet aroma such as (E)-nerolidol, 1-nonanal, decanal, 3-nonen-2-one, and α-calacorene, and volatiles produced under high-temperature processing, such as β-ionone epoxide, dihydroactinidiolide, and tea pyrrole, were analyzed to be related with sensory aroma differences. In conclusion, there are obvious differences in appearance, taste, and aroma traits among particle-shaped green teas from different tea producing areas. The sensory differences of particle-shaped green teas were caused by diverse key chemical constituents and their contents, which were induced by tea cultivars, growing environment, and tea processing technology.

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Changes in phytohormone levels and gene expression of potato plants in response to potato virus Y and a nonvector insect
Yang GE,Jian ZHONG,Yadong ZHANG,Xiaoli HE,Lining LIU,Asim MUNAWAR,Lijuan MAO,Zengrong ZHU,Yi XU,Wenwu ZHOU
Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences)    2023, 49 (2): 167-178.   DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.03.301
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Potato virusY (PVY) and its nonvector insect of potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) are important disease and pest in global potato industry. In order to investigate whether PVY infection changed the physiological responses of potato plant to P. operculella, we studied performances of P. operculella on PVY-infected and non-infected healthy plants, and carried out the phytohormone analysis and comparative transcriptomic analysis for potato leaves which were affected by PVY infection and herbiory stimuli (dealing with the oral secretions of potato tuber moth), or co-stressed treatment. The results showed that the resistance to P. operculella was significantly increased in potato plants infected by PVY. Moreover, PVY infection also inhibited the increase of abscisic acid induced by herbivory stimuli. Compared with the healthy control plants, herbivory stimuli and PVY infection treatments produced 3 998 and 104 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively; while 9 178 DEGs were induced by co-stressed treatment, suggesting that the co-stressed treatment may greatly affected the physiological responses in potato plants. Compared with the herbivory stimuli, the co-stressed plants had 743 DEGs, and many of them belong to the transferase activity, the protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. And the expression levels of many genes in abscisic acid synthesis pathway were also down-regulated, which was consisted with the change of this phytohormone. In summary, this study systematically analyzed the physiological responses of potato plant confronted by the single- and co-stressed treatments of PVY infection and herbivory stimuli, which may provide scientific basis for exploring plant-virus-nonvector insect interactions.

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