| Biological sciences & biotechnology |
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| Molecular mechanism of the impact of environmental stress on plant flowering |
| ZHANG Jishun, ZHANG Xiaolian, WANG Rengang, XIE Shengdong, WANG Yi, REN Xueliang |
| Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China |
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Abstract All living organism are under continuous stress of one kind or more because the surrounding environment in which they live is dynamic. In a way, the essence of evolution lies in the incorporation of opportunistic changes that enable populations to survive in the stressful environment. Plants being sessile face various extreme environmental conditions throughout their life cycle and respond accordingly to maintain their vital metabolic homeostasis by regulating their gene activity. In addition, plants have developed excellent mechanisms of stress perception and signal transduction. Abiotic stresses affect the plant growth and yield potential, and therefore response of plants to them is important for plants to cope with the environmental changes to survive. Plants can detect the environmental condition change and alter the developmental mode to obtain survival chances in the adversity. Several abiotic stresses affect plant growth and productivity with differential regulation at different levels. Therefore, any stimulus can trigger relative gene expression and lead to the physiological changes. These signal transduction pathways act independently and also have a significant crosstalk among them. When to initiate flowering is obviously a critical step in the plant life-history, especially udder an unfavorable environment. Under the control of a complex genetic network, plants detect and integrate external (such as photoperiod and temperature) and/or endogenous (such as age and hormone level) signals to induce or suppress flowering. Generally the transition from a vegetative phase to a reproductive phase is controlled by some pathways, which integrate the plant endogenous developmental state and environmental cues. At last the pathways converge to a small number of genes referred to as “floral pathway node”, such as GI (gigantea), FLC (flowering locus T), FT (flowering locus T) and SOC1 (suppressor of overexpression of Constans 1). These genes are not only involved in the flowering pathways, but also take part in many other metabolism pathways. There are many different biochemical pathways responsible for abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Many plants may regulate the flowering time under stress, so the adaptability change of flowering time reflects the need of plants to fructify under optimum conditions. There must be tightly connection between environmental stresses and plant flowering time, so we introduced the effects of the environmental stresses, such as light, temperature, water, salt, and nutrition, on plant flowering time. On the point of molecular biology, these processes refer to genetic and epigenetic changes. In the first part, the impacts of light stresses, including light intensity, light quality and photoperiod, on plant flowering time were introduced in details. The second part was about how plants alter flowering time under different temperature stresses. Then, we briefly talked about the influences of water stress, salt stress and nutrition stress on flowering time. Last but not the least, some conclusion was made on the interaction of the environmental stress and plant flowering time. In addition, the prospect section gave some suggestions on how to make use of stresses on flowering time and how to study the underlying mechanisms of the complex network. This paper supplied molecular genetic regulation network of plant flowering time under stresses, attempting to provide basement for researchers to study the relationship between environment and plant flowering time.
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Published: 20 May 2016
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环境胁迫影响植物开花的分子机制
鉴于植物对开花时间的调节是其适应逆境的重要机制,且在复杂的遗传网络调控下,植物检测并整合外源(如光周期和温度)和/或内源(如年龄和激素水平)信号来诱导或抑制成花转变。今从分子生物学角度详细介绍光、温、水、盐和营养等环境胁迫对植物开花时间的影响,这些过程涉及遗传学和表观遗传学上的改变；其目的在于从植物与环境互作的角度对植物开花时间的分子遗传调控网络进行补充,以期为科研工作者更好地研究环境与植物开花时间的关系提供参考。
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